Dr Vinita Kumari

 Microprocessor is also called CPU on a chip

 The microprocessor is the heart of the normal
computer.
 Generally, we use the microprocessors like Pentium,
AMD, power PC, or any other brands of
microprocessors.

STM32 microprocessor
CPU
 The CPU contains internal memory units called registers.
 These registers contain data, instructions, counters and
addresses used in the ALU's information processing.
 The CPU has two main components:
 Control Unit: extracts instructions from memory and
decodes and executes them
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): handles arithmetic and
logical operations
 To function properly, the CPU relies on the system clock,
memory, secondary storage and data and address buses.
Features of microprocessor
The microprocessor is a -
 multipurpose,
 clock driven,
 register based,
 programmable
 electronic device
 accepts digital or binary data as input,
 processes it according to instructions stored in its
memory
 provides results as output.
• The system bus connects the various units to facilitate
exchange of information.
• It further consists of data, address and control buses
to perform data exchanging in a proper manner.
Memory unit
 The Memory unit holds the program as well as data
and is divided into a processor, primary and secondary
memory.
 The Input and output unit interfaces the I/O
peripheral devices to microprocessor for accepting and
sending information.
Application
 Computers (CPU)
area
 Servers (stand alone, cloud)

server

Motherboard with CPU socket

Historical development
Invention of transistor(1947)
1960’s mainframe
 William Shockley and
colleagues in Bell laboratories
invented transistor (solid state
device) in 1947
 With this invention, a new era in
electronic industry started
 Before that all the electronic
devices were based on vacuum
tubes
 vacuum tubes were bulky,
unreliable and consumed lots of
power
 So invention of transistor
revolutionized everything
Invention of integrated ckt(1959)
 Scientists at Fairchild developed planer technology for
transistor
 Planer technology for transistor ultimately led to
development of integrated ckt
 integrated ckt- a no of transistor and components can
be fabricated on a single silicon wafer
 Very soon rate at which integrated circuit progressed
was phenomenal
In 1975, Moore found that his prediction for 65000 IC was
satisfied
Significance of Moore’s law
 Moore’s law continues to have a significant impact on the
electronics sector as the fundamental principle that guides
the course of modern computing and semiconducting
industry
 The extension of Moore's law is that computers, machines
that run on computers, and computing power all become
smaller and faster with time, as transistors on integrated
circuits become more efficient.
 The faster microchips process electrical signals, the more
efficient a computer becomes.
Development of first
microprocessor (1971)
 Based on integrated circuit,
development of first microprocessor
(4004) was by Intel in 1971
 Microprocessor- all the components
that we find in CPU: ALU, register,
Timing and control unit put together
in an IC
 Although 4004 was intended for
making a calculator, it had the
capacity as building block of general
purpose intelligent electronic system
 Soon other companies like Motorolla,
Texas instrument, Fairchild also
joined the race of microprocessor
Introduction of first
microcontroller (1976)
 Microcontroller are computer
on a chip. Examples are:
 Arduino Uno
 8051
 ATMEL
 PIC
Typical feature of microprocessor and microcontroller that made them
so popular

(term micro) Key of miniaturization and

development of portable equipment

Due to basic feature of integrated circuit

that
increasing complexity does not decrease
reliability
CMOS and other
technology
Also following Moore’s law
More powerful