Construction of Roadbed

Soil as a Structure

 with the long study of the unending road

failures, road agencies have established a
more detailed procedure regarding the
kind of materials to be used on a
particular condition, type and behavior of
the soil where the road is to be
constructed.
Three Major Structural Parts of
Roadway
1. The Sub-grade or sub-base is the earth
or soil beneath the road, properly arranges and
graded, compacted and stabilized.
a.) Cut Section of Road – the sub-base
is the original soil below the layers designated
as the base
b.) Fill Section of Road – the sub-base
consists of transported materials taken from
nearby roadway cuts or from borrow pit.
2. The Base Coarse – is the
materials laid on top of the sub-grade
or sub-base consisting of crushed
stone or gravel, sometimes mixed with
asphalt binders.
3. The Pavement – is the materials
laid over the base coarse base course
consisting of Asphalt Concrete or
Portland Cement Concrete.
Sub-grade or Sub-base Coarse
Aggregate is classified by
DPWH
 1. Item 200, Item 201, Item 202 which consist
of furnishings, placing and compacting aggregate
sub-base coarse on a prepared sub-grade that
differ from the grading requirements and
conditions of the DPWH standards.
 2. Item 203 – Lime Stabilized Road Mix Base
Coarse - consist of foundation for a surface
coarse composed of soil aggregate, lime and
water proportion mixed on site and constructed
on a prepared sub-grade or sub-base.
 Item 204 – Portland Cement Stabilized Road
Mix Base Coarse – consist of a foundation for
surface composed of soil aggregate, Portland
cement and water, proper proportions of road-
mixed placed on a prepared sub-grade or sub-
base.
 Item 205 – Asphalt Stabilized Road Mixed Base
Coarse – Asphalt materials should be Anionic or
Cationic Emulsion asphalt of the slow setting type.
The amount of asphalt material to be added to
aggregate should be from 4 to 7 mass percent of
the dry aggregate.
 Item 206 – Portland Cement Treated Plant Mix
Base Coarse
a.) Travel Plant Mixing Method – new
aggregate is pulverized at least 80 mass percent
other than stone or gravel.
b.) Central Plant Mixing Method – the plant is
equipped with feeding and metering devices that
will introduce the cement aggregate and water into
the mixer in quantities specified.
c.) Spreading, Compacting and Finishing – not
more than 60 minutes should elapse from the start
of mixing to compaction of the laid mixture.
Types of Base Coarse

 1. The granular base coarse or untreated

soil mixture – it is a road surface of untreated
soil mixture described as gravel road
 2. Treated base coarse – in order to stabilize
the base coarse either asphalt, lime Portland
cement or other materials are mixed with the
aggregates base coarse.
a.) Sand and Asphalt Base Coarse –
composed of either loose beach sand, dune pit or
river sand cemented with asphalt materials.
b.) Fine Grain Asphalt Base – is an asphalt
stabilized base and sub-grade constructed with
fine grained has a controlled Plastic Index of 6 to
10.
c.) Soil and Base Coarse Stabilized with
Cement – cement stabilization y mixing natural
materials and Portland cement compacted at
optimum moisture content and cured to hydrate
the cement is considerably strong and stable
base.
Clearing and Grubbing is
categorized by DPWH
standard specifications
1. Item 100 – which consist of clearing,
grubbing, removing and disposing of all
vegetable matter and debris except those
objects that are designated to remain in
place or are to be removed in consonance
with other provisions of the specifications.
2. Method of Measurement
a.) Area Basis – by hectare and fractions thereof
acceptably cleared and grubbed.
b.) Lump Sum Basis – no measurement will be
made
c.) Individual Unit Basis – selective clearing.
Diameter of trees will be measured 1.4 meters
above the ground.
d.) Pay item designation according to
schedule of sizes:
- Over 15 cm to 90 cm - Small
- Over 90 cm - Large
Excavation
 The process of loosening and
removing earth or rock from its
original position in a cut and
transporting it to a fill or to waste
deposit.
Classification of Road
Excavation:
1. Unclassified excavation – excavation
and disposal of all materials regardless of its
nature, or not classified and included in the
Bill of Quantities under other pay item
2. Rock excavation – consist of rocks that
cannot be excavated without blasting or use
of rippers and all boulders or other
detached stones each having a volume of 1
cubic meter.
3. Common excavation – not included in the
Bill of Quantities under rock excavation or
other pay items.
4. Muck excavation – removal and disposal of
saturated or unsaturated mixtures of soils and
organic matter not suitable for foundation
materials regardless of moisture contents.
5. Borrow excavation – excavation and
utilization of approved materials for the
construction of embankment
Free Haul and Overhaul
 Free Haul – is the specified distance
wherein an excavated material will
be hauled without additional cost,
usually 600 meters unless specified in
the contract.
 Overhaul – is an authorized hauling
in excess of free haul distance
Construction of Fill and
Embankment
 Fill - refers to a volume of earthen
material that is placed and
compacted for the purpose of filling
in a hole or depression.
 Embankments or Fills - are
constructed of materials that usually
consist of soil, but may also include
aggregate, rock, or crushed paving
material.
 Construction -stable embankment
is attained by spreading the materials
into thin layers then compacted at
moisture content closer to optimum.
Embankment Control
1. Specify the expected value and to
ascertain from the fill density test that the
specified amount is obtained
2. Specify the manner and methods of
constructing the embankment particularly
the layer thickness, moisture control and
the number of passes by a roller of specified
type and weight.
3. Use of proper spreading and compaction
equipment
Construction Requirements &
Equipment

1. Density test requirements

2. Moisture control
3. Compaction equipment
DPWH Specifications on
Embankment is Item 104
1. Embankment shall be constructed of suitable materials
2. Must follow the construction method as specified
a.) Sods and vegetable matters must be removed
for embankment below 120 cm below the sub-grade
b.) Loose volume of soil must be compacted not
exceeding 20 cm before the next layer is placed
c.) Remove rocks greater than the thickness of the
layers prescribed
d.) Hauling and leveling equipment should be
routed and distributed over each layer of the fill to make
use of compaction efforts affording and to minimize
rutting and uneven compaction.
Compaction and Stabilization
 Materials placed in the sub-base should
acquire the following properties:
1. The soil must have adequate strength
2. The soil must be relatively incompressible to
avoid insignificant future settlement
3. The soil must be stable against volume change
as water content or other factors vary
4. The soil must be durable and save against
deterioration
5. The soil must possess proper permeability
3. Must conduct full-scale compaction trials on
areas not less than 10 meters wide and 50 meters
long, before any work with the corresponding
material is allowed to start.
4. Protection of Roadbed during construction it
shall be maintained and drained at all times.
5. Rounding and Warping Slope - the top and
bottom of all slopes including the slope drainage,
ditches, are rounded as planned. Warping slope in
order to avoid injury to trees.
Sub-grade Preparation

 Sub-grade preparation is categorized under

Item 105 of the DPWH standard
specifications.
Material requirements :
1. Depth of sub-grade materials should
be 15 cm or more
2. Prior to start of the sub-grade
preparation, all culverts, cross drains, conduits
and the like including the backfill, ditches,
drains and drainage outlets are thoroughly
compacted.
Compaction Equipment
Tamping Roller
Grid Roller
Pneumatic Tire Roller
Vibratory Compactor
Hauling Equipment
Bulldozer
Dump Trucks
Thank you!