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1 2 The Circulatory System Blood Blood Vessels
1 2 The Circulatory System Blood Blood Vessels
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Circulatory system:
Transports substances continuously around the entire body
Consists of :
a) Cardiovascular system : heart, blood vessels and blood
b) Lymphatic system: lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissues within the
spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes and lymph
Transports nutrients, water & O2 to body cells
Remove CO2 and other nitrogenous wastes from body cell
Consists of 3 components:
a) Medium
b) Vessels
c) Pump
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Required to carry materials around the
circulatory system
In human & animals : BLOOD
Insects : HAEMOLYPMH
Composition of human blood
a. Plasma – 55%
b. Cellular Elements– 45 %
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Human Blood
Cellular
Plasma (55%) components
(45%)
Erythrocytes Leucocytes
Fibrin and Thrombocytes
Serum (red blood (white blood
clotting factors (platelets)
cells) cells)
Agranulocytes Granulocytes
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RED BLOOD CELLS
5 million per mm3 of blood
DO NOT HAVE :
Nucleus
mitochondria
ribosomes
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1. HAVE NO NUCLEUS : provide more space for haemoglobin
Haemoglobin transports O2 – combined as oxyhaemoglobin – from
lungs to the body tissues for respiration
Also carry CO2 as hydrogen-carbonate from the respiring tissues to
the lungs
2. BICONCAVE DISC- SHAPED CELLS : increase the TSA/V
ratio for optimum gaseous exchange
3. SMALL & FLEXIBLE: able to squeeze through narrow
capillary walls
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WHITE BLOOD CELLS
Colorless
No hemoglobin
Larger than erythrocytes; WHITE BLOOD
fewer in number CELLS
≈ 7000 per mm3 of blood
No fix shape
have nucleus GRANULOCYTES AGRANULOCYTES
Can change their shapes &
squeeze through the walls of
capillaries
Important in body
mechanisms against disease
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Have :
granular cytoplasm
lobed nucleus
GRANULOCYTES
Capable of amoeboid
movement
engulf bacteria by
phagocytosis BASOPHIL NEUTROPHIL EOSINOPHIL
Produced in bone
marrow
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BASOPHIL NEUTROPHIL EOSINOPHIL
MOST
Detoxify
COMMON -
RAREST -1% of chemicals &
Engulf bacteria
total leucocytes reduce
by
inflammation
phagocytosis
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Have non-granular
cytoplasm and a compact AGRANULOCYTES
nucleus
MONOCYTES LYMPHOCYTES
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The largest of the five types
of white blood cell
Produce in bone marrow
Have bean-shaped nucleus
Ingest bacteria by
phagocytosis
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has large rounded nucleus
contains many genes :
efficient antibody protein
productions
Produced in the lymph
glands & the lymphatic
nodes
FUNCTIONS:
Produce antibodies
specific defense against
toxins produced by bacteria
and infecting germs
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a.k.a PLATELETS
Not a cells
tiny fragments of other cells
(megakaryocytes)
Colorless, irregular shape,
without nucleus
Made in bone marrow
last about 6-7 days
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FUNCTIONS:
1. Have amoeboid
movements
2. Important in blood
clotting & repairing
damages tissues
3. Help to maintain the
integrity of blood vessel
wall
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Yellowish liquid
Serum : blood
plasma with its
clotting factors
(such as fibrin)
removed
90% water, 10%
dissolved
substances
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consist of :
dissolved gases,
absorbed food
molecules, excretory
waste products,
hormones & salts
Heat produced by
respiration
absorbed by
plasma
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1. Transport O2 & CO2
2. Transport absorbed food materials
3. Transport of excretory waste products
Deamination excess amino acids occur in _______?
4. Transport heat
Blood distribute heat from heat-producing sites (e.g. skeletal
muscles) to areas of heat loss (e.g. skin)
5. Transport of hormones
6. Transport of water to tissues
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Haemolymph :
the circulatory fluid in body cavities of insects
A.K.A ‘ insect blood’
Flows freely within the body cavity
makes direct contact with all the internal tissues &
organ of insects
Contains water, amino acids, sugar, salts & white
cell
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Haemolymph :
the circulatory fluid in body cavities of insects
Transport hormones, nutrients, salt & metabolic
wastes around the body
Does not contain haemoglobin or RBC
Does not transport O2 and CO2
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Heart is connected to a series of tubes called blood vessels
BLOOD VESSELS:
Tubes for the medium to flow through
Main types of vessels: artery, arteriole, capillary, venule and vein
Each type of blood vessel has a different structure according to
their function`
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Vessels Artery Capillary Vein
Aspect
Structure of wall Three layers – Single layer - Three layers –
endothelium, smooth endothelium endothelium, smooth
muscle & fibrous muscle & fibrous
connective tissue connective tissue
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Haemolymph
reaches the body
cells directly
diffuses between
body cells & re-
enters the heart
through open-ended
veins
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Found in all
vertebrates &
some invert (e.g.
earthworms)
Heart pumps
blood rapidly
through & within
completely closed
continuous system
of vessel
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never comes in
direct contact
with body cells
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