-Fadadu Jaydip(08BEC024)

-Gor Kuldip (08BEC030)

 An ordinary matter found by Sir William Crookes
a fourth state of matter, now known as plasma.
 Plasmas are conductive assemblies of charged and
neutral particles.
 Plasmas carry electrical currents and generate
magnetic fields.
 Types of Plasma are:-
Warm Plasma
Cold Plasma
 Cold Plasma is used for antenna applications
 A plasma can be generated from neutral molecules
that are separated into negative electrons and
positive ions by an ionization process (e.g., laser
heating or spark discharge).
 Compositions that may be used to form plasma in a
tube include gases of neon, xenon, argon, krypton,
hydrogen, helium, and mercury vapor.
 The positive ions and neutral particles are much
heavier than the electrons, and therefore the
electrons can be considered as moving through a
continuous stationary fluid of ions.
 Itemploys ionized gas enclosed in a tube
as the conducting element of an antenna. .
This is a fundamental change from
traditional antenna design that generally
employs solid metal wires as the conducting
element.

 The gas is ionized only for the time of

transmission or reception.
 Plasma antenna - conducting element - ionized gas
enclosed in a tube as a of an antenna.
 When the Gas is ionized to a plasma state -then it
becomes conductive, allowing radio frequency (RF)
signals to be transmitted or received
 In order for plasma to have significant effect on
an electromagnetic wave, the electronic density
must be increased by several orders of magnitude.
 When the gas is not ionized or a plasma antenna is
turned off - it is transparent and allowing other
adjacent antennas to transmit or receive without
interference.
 For antenna applications the plasma must be
maintained in precise spatial distributions,
such as filaments, columns, or sheets.
 The plasma volume can be contained in an
enclosure (tube) or suspended in free space.
 The tube confines the gas and prevents
diffusion.
 Energizing the plasma can be accomplished
with electrodes, fiber optics, microwave
signals, lasers, RF heating, or
electromagnetic couplers.
 The radiation pattern is controlled by
parameters such as plasma density, tube
shape, and current distribution.
 A conventional tube-requiring two or more
contacts (electrodes) for applying the ionizing
potential.
 A surface wave can be used to excite the
plasma from a single end.
 The surface space-charge wave is electro-
mechanical in nature.
 A time-harmonic axial electric field is applied
from one end of the plasma column.
 Charges are displaced and restoring electric
fields are set up in response to the applied
field.
 The reflections actually occur within the plasma,
not at an abrupt interface as they do for a metal
reflector.
 In one approach, a laser beam and optics generate
a reflecting surface by using a sequence of line
discharges that diffuse together to form a sheet
of plasma.
 A high quality plasma reflector must have a
critical surface that can be consistently
reproduced and is stable over the transmission
times of interest.
 When the plasma is turned off, its decay time will
limit how fast the reflecting surface can be
moved.
 A plasma is an ionised gas which, when
sufficiently dense, behaves as a conductor. A
plasma antenna generates localised
concentrations of plasma to form a plasma
mirror which deflects an RF beam launched from
a central feed located at the focus of the
mirror.
 An ionised region, or solid state plasma, that
are positioned between closely spaced metalized
surfaces which constrain the beam. Then the
beam is deflected by the desired geometry of
the reflector.
 Figure“Loop
antenna“
shows one of
the many
designs that
incorporate
closed tubes
of gas excited
by voltages
applied to
electrodes.
Loop antenna
 Figure “Returnable Antenna”is reconfigurable
in that one or more plasma paths can be
excited. Different paths would be used in
different frequency bands.
 Figurerepresent oppositely directed
lasers that are fired alternately.

 Each time the laser is fired, a pulse train

is transmitted. The resonant frequency
of the plasma in the tube is the transmit
frequency.
 Does not interact with RF radiation.

 Deionizing the gas antenna will not

backscatter radar waves (providing stealth).

 Reduces computer signal processing

requirements.
 Reduced radar cross section provides stealth due
to the non-metallic elements.

 Changes in the ion density can result in

instantaneous changes in bandwidth over wide
dynamic ranges.

 After the gas is ionized, the plasma antenna has

virtually no noise floor.
 A single dynamic antenna structure can use
time multiplexing so that many RF
subsystems can share one antenna resource.

 Our plasma antenna can transmit and receive

from the same aperture provided the
frequencies are widely separated.
Plasma Antenna Provide:-

-Ease for realignment of long range directional antennas.

-Low Cost for the network owner.
 Directional antennas have been the mainstay of microwave communications. Fixed
directional antennas require manual alignment on installation and realignment in the
case drift or relocation of either end of the link. Expensive site visits by service
personnel drive up costs for the network owner. Mechanically steered antennas
are too costly for most fixed applications. In nomadic scenarios, mechanical
steering is deployed to ease realignment of large, long range directional
antennas.

24
Plasma Antennas Provides:-
-Selectable multi-beam
-Directional beamforming at another frequency
-Powerful dual-band combination provides an efficient and compact
‘single-antenna’ solution for local WiFi
 Plasma Antennas’ SelectaBeam SC-750 Series of selectable multi-
beam antennas combine an optional omnidirectional mode operating at
one frequency band, with directional beamforming at another
frequency. This powerful dual-band combination provides an
efficient and compact ‘single-antenna’ solution for local WiFi hot-
spots within metropolitan or rural area WiMAX network.
 Shipboard/submarin
e antenna
replacements.
 Unmanned air
vehicle sensor
antennas.
 IFF land-based
vehicle antennas.
 Stealth aircraft
antenna
replacements.
 Telemetry & broad-band
communications.
 Ground penetrating
radar.
 Navigation.
 High-speed data
communication.
 Plasma Antennas leads the world
in developing low cost plas76
antennas across the band 1 GHz
to 300 GHz.

A circular scan can be performed

electronically with no moving parts
at a higher speed than traditional
mechanical antenna structures.
 Good RF coupling for electrically small
antennas
 Frequency selectivity
 Stable and repeatable
 Efficient
 Flexibility in length and direction of path
 High gain
 Low interference
 Wide bandwidth
 Maintenance free
 Perfect Reflector
 As soon as the plasma generator is switched
off, the plasma returns to a non
conductive gas and therefore becomes
effectively invisible to radar.
 They can be dynamically tuned and
reconfigured
for frequency, direction, bandwidth, gain and
beamwidth, so replacing the need for multiple
antennas.
 They are resistant to electronic warfare.
 At satellite frequencies, they exhibit much
less thermal noise and are capable of faster
data rates.
 Ionization and decay times limit scanning.
 Plasma volumes must be stable and
repeatable.
 Ionizer adds weight and volume.
 Ionizer increases power consumption.
 Not durable or flexible.