Defining relative clauses

 I have read a book.

 A complete sentence with a complete meaning

 Defining relative clauses
 I have read the book

 Incomplete meaning
 Defining relative clauses
 I have read the book that you had recommended.

A complete sentence with a complete meaning.

 Defining relative clauses
• I like the place • I like the place where I live.

× Incomplete meaning  Complete sentence with a

complete meaning
 Defining relative clauses
• I met the man • I met the man who lives upstairs.

• Incomplete meaning • Complete meaning

 Defining relative clauses

• I have read the book that you had recommended.

• I like the place where I live.
• I met the man who lives upstairs.
 Defining relative clauses
• Who is used to refer to people.
• Which is used to refer to things and animals
• That is used to refer to people or things.
• Whose is used to replace the possessive pronoun.
• Where is used to refer to places.
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punctuation rule
• We don’t use commas when we write a defining relative
clause.
 The car which he bought was expensive.
× The car, which he bought, was expensive.
 Defining relative clauses
• Choose the correct answer:
1- This is the girl ………… works as a teacher.
( who – where – which – whose)
2- I bought the car …… you sold.
(who – that – where – whose)
3- I visited the place …… we met for the first time.
(who- where – whose – that)