MODULE NO.

5
► THE ELECTROMAGNETIC LAWS
◦ FARADAY’S LAW
◦ LENZ’S LAW
◦ AMPERE’S LAW
◦ FLEMING’S LAW
OBJECTIVE:
► To explain the laws governing the electromagnetic
principle
FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Any change in the magnetic
environment of a coil of wire
will cause a voltage (emf) to
be "induced" in the coil. No
matter how the change is
produced, the voltage will
be generated. The change
could be produced by
changing the magnetic field
strength, moving a magnet
toward or away from the
coil, moving the coil into or
out of the magnetic field,
rotating the coil relative to
the magnet, etc.

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/farlaw.html
 Faraday's law is a
fundamental
relationship which
comes from Maxwell’s
equations. It serves as
a succinct summary of
the ways a voltage (or
emf) may be generated
by a changing
magnetic environment.
The induced emf in a
coil is equal to the
negative of the rate of
change of magnetic
flux times the number
of turns in the coil. It
involves the interaction
of charge with
magnetic field.

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/farlaw.html
 LENZ’S LAW
When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux according to
Faraday’s Law, the polarity of the induced emf is such that it produces a
current whose magnetic field opposes the change which produces it. The
induced magnetic field inside any loop of wire always acts to keep the
magnetic flux in the loop constant. In the examples below, if the B field is
increasing, the induced field acts in opposition to it. If it is decreasing, the
induced field acts in the direction of the applied field to try to keep it
constant.

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/farlaw.html
Lenz's Law states:
An electromagnetic field interacting with a conductor will
generate electrical current that induces a counter magnetic
field that opposes the magnetic field generating the
current.
A more elaborate experiment that demonstrates
the same scientific principles can be done with
a solenoid wrapped around a pop can. When
the switch is closed, a capacitor in the circuit is
discharged through the solenoid. Since the
current varies in time, the magnetic field in the
solenoid and the magnetic flux defined in the
solenoid will vary in time. This variable flux also
passes through the can inside the solenoid,
inducing in it a current in opposite direction of
the current through the solenoid (Lenz's Law).
The two antiparallel currents repel each other,
and since the solenoid is fixed the can will be
crushed.

http://www.ndt-ed.org/TeachingResources/NDT_Tips/LenzLaw.htm
AMPERE’S LAW

The magnetic field in space

around an electric current is
proportional to the electric current
which serves as its source, just as
the electric field in space is
proportional to the charge which
serves as its source. Ampere's
Law states that for any closed loop
path, the sum of the length
elements times the magnetic field
in the direction of the length
element is equal to the
permeability times the electric
current enclosed in the loop.

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/amplaw.html
 FLEMING’S RIGHT-HAND RULE
Fleming's right hand rule (for
generators) shows the
direction of induced current
flow when a conductor
moves in a magnetic field.

The right hand is held with the

thumb, first finger and second
finger mutually at right angles,
as shown in the diagram .
The Thumb represents the direction of Motion of the conductor.
The First finger represents the direction of the Field.
The Second finger represents the direction of the induced or
generated Current (in the classical direction, from positive to
negative). http://www.answers.com/topic/fleming-s-right-hand-rule
 FLEMING’S LEFT-HAND RULE
Fleming's left hand rule
(for electric motors)
shows the direction of
the thrust on a conductor
carrying a current in a
magnetic field.
The left hand is held with
the thumb, index finger
and middle finger
mutually at right angles.

The First finger represents the direction of the Field.

The Second finger represents the direction of the Current (in
the classical direction, from positive to negative.
The Thumb represents the direction of the Thrust or resultant
Motion. http://www.answers.com/topic/fleming-s-left-hand-rule