Z-TRANSFORM

• x(z)=σ+∞−∞ 𝑥[𝑛]𝑧 −𝑛

• There are number of important relationships between

the ZT and DT-FT
Let
z=r𝑒 𝑗𝑤 where ‘r’ is the magnitude and ‘w’ is the angle
of z
x(𝑟𝑒 𝑗𝑤 )=σ𝑛=−∞
+∞ 𝑥[𝑛](𝑟𝑒 𝑗𝑤 )−𝑛
x(𝑟𝑒 𝑗𝑤 )=σ𝑛=−∞
+∞ {𝑥[𝑛]𝑟 −𝑛 }(𝑒 𝑗𝑤 )−𝑛

x(𝑟𝑒 𝑗𝑤 )=F {𝑥[𝑛]𝑟 −𝑛 }

For r=1 or |z|=1
x(𝑒 𝑗𝑤 )=F {x[n]}
 Continued…..
• The z-transform reduces to FT on the contour
in the complex z-plane corresponding to a
circle with a radius of unity
• This circle in the z-plane is referred to as unit
circle
• There are some values for which the z-
transform converges. i-e ROC
• If the ROC includes the unit circle then the FT
of that signal will also converge
 Continued…..
• Exp 10.1
Continued…..
 The properties of ROC of ZT
P#1
The ROC of X(z) consists of a ring in the
z-plane centered about the origin. The
convergence of X(z) depends on r=|z| not on ‘w’.
ROC will consists of concentric rings
If the specific value of z is in the ROC
Then all values on the same circle will
Be in the ROC
 Continued…..
P#2
The ROC does not contain any pole.
P#3
If x[n] is of finite duration, then the ROC is
the entire z-plane, except possibly z=0 and/or
z=∞
 Continued…..
P#4
If x[n] is a right sided sequence, and if the circle |z|=r0 is in the ROC, then all
finite values of z for which |z|>r0 will also be in the ROC
∞

𝑥 𝑧 = ෍ 𝑥[𝑛]𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=𝑁1
If N1 is –ve, then the summation in includes terms with +ve powers of z, which
become unbounded as |z| ∞
For right-sided sequences in general, the ROC will not include infinity.
P#5
If x[n] is a left sided sequence. And if the circle |z|=r0 is in the ROC then all
values of z for which 0<|z|<r0 will also be in the ROC
𝑁2

𝑥 𝑧 = ෍ 𝑥[𝑛]𝑧 −𝑛
𝑛=−∞
If N2 is +ve then summation includes –ve powers of z, which become unbounded as
|z| 0. For left sided sequences, the ROC will not in general include z=0
 Continued…..
P#6
If x[n] is two sided, and if the circle |z|=r0 is
in the ROC, then the ROC will consists of a ring
in the z-plane that includes the circle |z|=r0
Continued…..
Continued…..
Continued…..
Continued…..
Continued…..
Continued…..
 Continued…..
P#7
If x[n] is right sided and x(z) is rational then the
ROC will be the region in the z-plane outside the outer
most pole
P#8
If x[n] is left sided sequence and x(z) is rational,
then its ROC will be the region inside the innermost pole
P#9
If the x(z) is rational the its ROC is bounded by
poles or extended to infinity
 The Inverse Z-Transform
1
• 𝑥𝑛 = ‫ׯ‬ 𝑥(𝑧)𝑍 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑧
2𝜋𝑗
The circular symbol denotes integration around a
counter clock wise closed circular contour
centered at the origin and with radius r