ENERGY

ENERGY
 The concept of energy is one of the most important in the
world of science.
 Ability to do work
 Energy is present in the Universe:
mechanical energy,
chemical energy,
electromagnetic energy,
nuclear energy, and many others.
 MECHANICAL ENERGY
is the energy that is possessed by an object due to its
motion or due to its position.

KINETIC ENERGY
POTENTIAL ENERGY
 KINETIC ENERGY
Kinetic Energy is the energy possessed by moving
objects.
1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
m = mass of the object
v = speed of the object
 WORK – ENERGY THEOREM
“The total work done on any particle by the net force is
equal to the change in kinetic energy of the body”.
Wtotal = ΔKE

a
F
d
Vi Vf
 Kinetic Energy (Sample Problems)

1. Determine the kinetic energy of a 625-

kg roller coaster car that is moving with a
speed of 18.3 m/s.
Kinetic Energy (Sample Problems)
2. A car with mass of 1500 kg has a net forward
force of 3500 N applied to it. The car starts from
rest and travels down a horizontal highway. What
are its kinetic energy and speed after it has
travelled 100 m?
Kinetic Energy (Sample Problems)
2. A car with mass of 1500 kg has a speed of
25m/s. The car starts from rest and travels down a
horizontal highway. What are its kinetic energy and
net force after it has travelled 100 m?
 POTENTIAL ENERGY
Potential Energy is the energy possessed by the objects
at rest. It is the capacity of the body to do work as a result of
its position or configuration.

𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ

m = mass of the object

g = acceleration due to gravity
h = height in a vertical distance
Types of POTENTIAL ENERGY

1. Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE)

is acquired by a body by virtue of the fact that it has
been lifted vertically against the gravitational force of the
earth’s attraction. It can do work because of its position.

𝐺𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
Sample Problem
(Gravitational Potential Energy)

1. By virtue of its position, what is the energy possessed by a

rock weighing 5N which lies on the edge of a cliff 150m high?
Sample Problem
(Gravitational Potential Energy)

2. A cart is loaded with a brick and pulled at constant speed

along an inclined plane to the height of a seat-top. If the mass
of the loaded cart is 3.0 kg and the height of the seat top is
0.45 meters, then what is the potential energy of the loaded
cart at the height of the seat-top?
Types of POTENTIAL ENERGY

2. Elastic Potential Energy (EPE)

is the energy possessed by the objects due to its
configuration.
1 2
𝐸𝑃𝐸 = − 𝑘𝑥
2
k = spring constant (N/m)
x = spring elongation/displacement (compressed or
stretched)
EQUILIBRIUM STRETCHED STRETCHED

Felastic v Fgrav v Fgrav

c c

Felastic Felastic

COMPRESSED COMPRESSED
EQUILIBRIUM
Fapplied Fapplied

d
e
i
l
p
p
a
F
Sample Problem
(ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY)

1. A 3500 N force is applied to a spring that has a spring

constant of k= 14,000 N/m. How far from equilibrium will
the spring be displaced?
Sample Problem
(ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY)

2. A force of 450 N stretches a spring by 0.09m.

a. What is the force constant of the spring?
b. What force will elongate the spring by 0.18 m?
c. What is the elastic potential energy when stretched by
0.18 m?
MECHANICAL ENERGY
is the sum of Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy.
ME = KE + PE
Observation…

1. Potential energy decreases while Kinetic energy

increases as you go down.
2. The change in Potential energy and change in Kinetic
energy are constant.
3. The sum of Potential energy and Kinetic energy is
constant.
4. The total Mechanical energy is constant.
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL
ENERGY

“Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but it can

only be transformed from one form to another”.
- (Julius Robert von Mayer – first to formulate this law)
Sample Problem

1. A 77 kg diver drops from a board

10 m above the water surface. Use
the conservation of mechanical
energy to find his speed 5 m above
the water surface.
Sample Problem

2. An object with a mass of 0.1kg is dropped from a

height of 12 m.

a. What is the total mechanical energy of the object?

b. At what height will its kinetic energy and its
potential energy be equal?
SEATWORK
1. An object with a mass of 2.45 kg was dropped from
a height of 2.0 m. It landed on a vertical spring whose
force constant is 7500 N/m. By how much is the spring
compressed?
2. A roller coaster starts from rest at the top of a hill 20
m high. The mass of the roller coaster, together with
its passengers, is 1250 kg.

a. Find the total mechanical energy of the roller

coaster and its passengers.
b. What is the speed of the roller coaster with its
passengers at the top of another hill that is 15 m
high?