Autonomous Air Space

Management & Control System

Presented by :- Prabh SimranJeet Singh Ahluwalia

Introduction
• Ever since its invention in 1903, the powered aircrafts have grown
exponentially. The first Air Traffic Control Tower was established in
Cleveland, USA in 1930 to monitor approach & departure of aircrafts,
and the first radar system was introduced in 1950 to monitor and
control greater air traffic around the airports.
• Today there are estimated 39000 commercial & military Aircrafts in the world,
excluding light aircrafts, and in next 20 years it’s expected to be doubled.
• At present there are estimated 42000 airports in the world.
• The most busiest airport of Hartfield Jackson at Atlanta, USA handles over
950,000 flights a years, that translates into 2600 flights a day and 108 flights each
hour.
• Today the world population is estimated to be 7 Billion, and is expected to cross
10 Billion in next 20 years, and with greater economic prosperity, and air
travelling becoming a way of life, the number of flights may even triple, and the
airports would become even more busier.
• The Defense sector is also getting greatly dependent on air power,
that includes missiles, drones, and other surveillance systems, which
adds to the already busy airspace.
• The flying car concept has also successfully run its trials and only
awaiting the implementation of due control and regulation of
airspace codes. (Austria and Dubai have recently implemented.)
• The commercial space flights too would further occupy airspace.
• Even millions of toy drones and other Unmanned Ariel Vehicles
(UAVs) are further congesting the already stressed air space.
Air Traffic Management, Main Principles
Main Principle:
The basic need which prompted the creation of Air Traffic Control
Towers in 1930 was:
a) Safe landing & take off of aircrafts
i. Air Traffic Separation – Avoid entropy (chaos) on the runway and in the air
space & thus avoid mid air collisions.
ii. Communicate landing, take-off, & ground situation of the airport.
b) Monitor weather information & ground situation of the airport
Main Principle:
c) Efficient Airspace Management.
i. Minimizing delays during flights landing & take-off operations.
ii. Making optimum use of the available airspace.
(Preparing Various time difference forecasting models to make effective predictions for devising optimum use of
available air space).
iii. Efficient system implementation – Autonomous Airspace management systems would
handle grater number of flights with least scope of error, making an optimum use of
available airspace.
d) Defense & Security
Identify friend or foe, secure national airspace against enemy intrusions, support national air
force (military) missions & securing against unwarranted flying objects endangering the safety
of the aircrafts. Today unlicensed drones, are another major menace.
Main Principle:
e) Research & Development of New technologies
With ever advancing Aviation sector, it is imperative for the Airspace
management authorities to arrange due funding for the upgradation and
implement latest technologies.
Goal & objectives of Air Traffic Control of
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs):
a) Goal
i. To regulate the operation of all UAVs (Drones) and maintain Smooth,
unhindered flow of all Air Traffic (Manned & Unmanned):-
a) Formulate Regulations.
b) Mandatory Licensing.
c) Monitoring the licensed drones and prevent violations.
ii. Protection of Airspace from unlicensed unmanned flying objects posing
prospective threat either to the free flow of designated air traffic or a threat to the
national security.
a) Detection.
b) Analysis.
c) Counter measures.
b) Various Categories of UAVs (Drones):
i) Toy Drones for entertainment.
Though these were considered to be an innocent entertainment, largely used
for selfie video shoots etc., it has a high threat potential to the flow of Air Traffic
if flown unregulated in the vicinity of the airports. It shall have the same impact
value of a Bird hit, which could damage or crash an aircraft. These are beyond
the detection range of a usual air traffic radar. (A couple months back at the
Gatwick Airport, London there was a huge scare due to the small drone having
posed a serious threat to the busy Air traffic at the Airport although
unintended.)
ii) Swarm Drones
These are very tiny drones, the size of a Mosquito, or a Butterfly and yet will
have a high threat perception. It could be a spy drone, a biological weapon, or
an explosive device (It can trigger a tiny nuclear explosion, using the velocity of
the incoming aircraft, enough to drill a hole to destroy that aircraft) These tiny
drones may be flown in a bunch, emulating the effect of a swarm and are even
non detectable to the naked eye, leave apart the usual radars.
iii) Unmanned Passenger Vehicles
The advent of unmanned Passenger Vehicles (flying cars) is slated to increase
the aerial traffic to exponential levels. It will need greater airspace management
systems and regulations.
iv) Military Drones
a) Surveillance Drones ( Spy Drones)
b) Drones with attack capabilities (Gun / Missile mounted Drones)
c) Missiles ( Surface to Surface Missiles (Cruise missile, Intercontinental Ballistic
Missile(ICBM), Air to Air Missile, Surface to Air Missile, Underwater to Air
Missile )
c) Objectives:
To perceive the above goal, it would need to design the following
systems
i) Detection of UAVs :
Various kinds of Radars using different techniques ie: Radio Frequency,
Entanglement of Photons, Neutrinos, Muon imaging etc are used to
detect various kinds of flying objects.
Detection of UAVs:
a) Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System.
b) Quantum Radar for tracking otherwise stealth & HYPERSONIC FLYING OBJECTS, AND LOW FLYING OBJECTS
(Stealth Aircrafts, Stealth Drones, Stealth Ballistic/Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles, low flying cruise
missiles).
c) Infra-Red Radars to detect low flying close proximity targets even at an angle of 180 degree.
d) Sonar radars for tracking sub marines posing potential threat of firing missiles and surveillance drones
intruding the national airspace. US Bluefin 21 an Unmanned underwater vehicle UUV has deployed
capabilities of launching surveillance Unmanned Aerial vehicle, besides also firing the underwater to
Air/Underwater to surfaces missiles. Hence Submarine Tracking shall also be an integral part of secured
Airspace Management.
Besides, Boeing has also developed dual capability drone with underwater & aerial capabilities, and
several other countries like Russia & China would follow suit, hence it is highly imperative to track all
underwater operations too for a secured Airspace management.
Detection of UAVs:
e) ELF radar (Extremely Low Frequency) techniques to detect deep depth stealth
submarines, posing potential threat of firing missiles and surveillance drones
intruding the national airspace
f) Neutrino radar to detect any potential threat of deep depth under ground launch
of missile or drones intruding the national airspace. Neutrino radars can also scan
the deep depth of all the oceanic regions including the deepest region of Mariana
trench in the Pacific ocean.
g) Muon imaging systems to scan the under ground regions of any potential threat
of the launch of missile or drones intruding the national airspace
h) Dedrone 3.5 (US DARPA / NATO) - RF based tool - Detects very tiny swarm
drones from a distance of 1 km.
ii) Regulations:
a) All Drones should be brought under the preview of licencing.
b) All technical details of each licenced drone shall form part of the AI
system (Artificial intelligence) being devised for the Autonomous Air
Traffic Management.
c) Devise preflying permissions & reporting systems.
d) All Source Codes for the Drone shall mandatorily be shared with the
regulatory authority.
e) Deterrent penal provisions be enacted for the violating operators of
licenced drones.
iii) Monitoring
Install a full scale infrastructure.
a) Comprehensive Detection & Communication systems - Radars
b) Satellite communication systems
c) Super Computers / Quantum Computers (Big data management)
d) Software programs - AI System design - comprehensive system integration.
iv) Prevention of Violations & Response
systems:
a) Maintaining log of all movements of all UAVs
b) In moments of deviation from the licenced flight path, the command of licenced drone could be taken over by the Autonomous
Airspace Management System which could steer it to the safety, while the operator of that drone may be made accountable for the
failures. As suggested earlier, all licensed drone operator shall have to mandatorily share all the source codes of all command &
control of such drones.
c) In the event of any malfunction or intrusion by the unlicensed drone, the violating UAVs signals would be jammed.
d) Creation of Arrest stations in safe places.
i) The Violating Drones if bigger in size & weight, even if simply jammed its electronics, or shot down, but flying over civilian areas could
pose a serious threat to the civilians & installations.
ii) While their GPS signals would jammed, a decoy signal would take control of its command & control.
iii) The decoy GPS would guide the drone to the designated arrest station.

e) Actions of last resort

In the matters of high risk threats a UAV shall immediately be fragmented by effective defence
Time Series Forecasting
Time series forecasting is a historical data analysis indexed in time order at
successive equally spaced points to make future predictions.
a) Passenger Traffic Demand / Military Traffic Demand analysis for predicting
Capacity planning in Airspace designing & Management
Passenger Traffic Demand
Inbound Traffic, Out bound Traffic, Cost of flight, Destination, Age group,
Season, Purpose of travel (Tourist / Business)
b) Flight Delays
Landing Delays / Take off delays, Flight route, Weather condition, Season,
Technical snag in Aircraft, Airport system failure, Human error, Congestion.
 Q1 2018 Inbound Passenger Traffic Airport R 1
PX
P1 P2 P3 G P Q1
COST/CLASS / PX COST/CLASS / PX COST/CLASS / PX PX / FLT
DS E TR PR NPE1 B TR PR NPB1 E TR PR NPE2 B TR PR NPB2 E TR PR NPE3 B TR PR NPB3 TOTAL
D1 C1E C1B C1E C1B C1E C1B
D2 C5E C5B C5E C5B C5E C5B
D3 C9E C9B C9E C9B C9E C9B
D4 C13E C13B C13E C13B C13E C13B
D5 C17E C17B C17E C17B C17E C17B
D6 C21E C21B C21E C21B C21E C21B
D7 C25E C25B C25E C25B C25E C25B
D8 C29E C29B C29E C29B C29E C29B
 Q2 2018 Inbound Passenger Traffic Airport R 1
PX
P1 P2 P3 G P Q2
COST/CLASS / PX COST/CLASS / PX COST/CLASS / PX PX / FLT
DS E TR PR NPE1 B TR PR NPB1 E TR PR NPE2 B TR PR NPB2 E TR PR NPE3 B TR PR NPB3 TOTAL
D1 C2E C2B C2E C2B C2E C2B
D2 C6E C6B C6E C6B C6E C6B
D3 C10E C10B C10E C10B C10E C10B
D4 C14E C14B C14E C14B C14E C14B
D5 C18E C18B C18E C18B C18E C18B
D6 C22E C22B C22E C22B C22E C22B
D7 C26E C26B C26E C26B C26E C26B
D8 C30E C30B C30E C30B C30E C30B
 Q3 2018 Inbound Passenger Traffic Airport R 1
PX
P1 P2 P3 G P Q3
COST/CLASS / PX COST/CLASS / PX COST/CLASS / PX PX / FLT
DS E TR PR NPE1 B TR PR NPB1 E TR PR NPE2 B TR PR NPB2 E TR PR NPE3 B TR PR NPB3 TOTAL
D1 C3E C3B C3E C3B C3E C3B
D2 C7E C7B C7E C7B C7E C7B
D3 C11E C11B C11E C11B C11E C11B
D4 C15E C15B C15E C15B C15E C15B
D5 C19E C19B C19E C19B C19E C19B
D6 C23E C23B C23E C23B C23E C23B
D7 C27E C27B C27E C27B C27E C27B
D8 C31E C31B C31E C31B C31E C31B
 Q4 2018 Inbound Passenger Traffic Airport R 1
PX
P1 P2 P3 G P Q4
COST/CLASS / PX COST/CLASS / PX COST/CLASS / PX PX / FLT
DS E TR PR NPE1 B TR PR NPB1 E TR PR NPE2 B TR PR NPB2 E TR PR NPE3 B TR PR NPB3 TOTAL
D1 C4E C4B C4E C4B C4E C4B
D2 C8E C8B C8E C8B C8E C8B
D3 C12E C12B C12E C12B C12E C12B
D4 C16E C16B C16E C16B C16E C16B
D5 C20E C20B C20E C20B C20E C20B
D6 C24E C24B C24E C24B C24E C24B
D7 C28E C28B C28E C28B C28E C28B
D8 C32E C32B C32E C32B C32E C32B
 PX Passenger
P1 Passenger Age group 0 - 15
P2 Passenger Age group 15 -25
P3 Passenger Age group 25 +
E Economy class
TR Tourists
PR Professional
NPE1 Total economy class passenger - P1
B Business class
NPB2 Total Business Class passenger - P2
G P Q1 Grand Total of Passenger Q1
DS Destination
D1 Moscow C1E Economy Class Cost of Moscow - Riga Q1 C2B Business Class Cost of Moscow - Riga Q2
D2 Warsaw C5E Economy Class Cost of Warsaw - Riga Q1 C6B Business Class Cost of Warsaw - Riga Q2
D3 Stockholm C9E Economy Class Cost of Stockholm - Riga Q1 C10B Business Class Cost of Stockholm - Riga Q2
D4 Milan C13E Economy Class Cost of Milan - Riga Q1 C14B Business Class Cost of Milan - Riga Q2
D5 Frankfurt C17E Economy Class Cost of frrankurt - Riga Q1 C18B Business Class Cost of frrankurt - Riga Q2
D6 Istanbul C21E Economy Class Cost of Instanbul - Riga Q1 C22B Business Class Cost of Instanbul - Riga Q2
D7 London C25E Economy Class Cost of London - Riga Q1 C26B Business Class Cost of London - Riga Q2
D8 Abu Dhabi C29E Economy Class Cost of Abu Dhabi - Riga Q1 C30B Business Class Cost of Abu Dhabi - Riga Q2
R1 Riga Airport
Types of Modelling & Their area of Applications:
Types of Modelling:
Types of Modelling
a) Number of flight operations per hour/day/year
b) Number of Accidents & Delays per year
c) Passenger Traffic Demand/Military Traffic Demand
d) Error analysis – Human Error/ System Failure
e) Weather analysis (Seasonal weather conditions,
Extreme Weather, Impact On Air Traffic)
Application
Capacity analysis & Optimization of Airspace
Augmenting Safety parameters in Airspace
management
Designing efficient Airport infrastructure, Air traffic
flow & Airspace Designing reducing delays, devising
flights routes.
Human Resource training & Automation
Safety Parameters, Flight management
EUROCONTROL
Air Traffic Network Manager nominated by the European Commission:

a) Single European Sky

b) 41 Member States pan Europe
c) Covers operational & Technical aspects:
i. Communication, Navigation, Surveillance.
ii. Airspace Design
iii. Capacity Analysis & Planning.
iv. Airspace Management – Civil/Military Coordination
v. Safety
vi. Airport capacity enhancement & optimization
vii. Training & Human resource development
 Prime Functions of the Airspace
Management:
1) Detection & Communication systems:
A) Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System to enhance surveillance radar
monitoring and Separation of Air Traffic.
i. Ground Antenna
a) Curved Reflector Antenna – Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR) -1030 MHz
b) Flat Antenna – Secondary surveillance Radar (SSR) – 1030 Mhz
Main Antenna & Omni direction Antenna.
ii. PSR Scanning the airspace.
iii. SSR Communication with the Aircraft Transponder
iv. Response from the aircraft Transponder – 1090 Mhz after delay of 3 Micro seconds
Flight number information ( Alpha - 0.8 micro second), destination/altitude (Charlie
– 21 microsecond).
v. Interrogation – 450-500 interrogation per second.
P1 – P2 – P3 at the distance of 0.8 microseconds each (Pulse rate difference between P1 and P3 determines the mode).
(P2 is spaced after 2 micro seconds, and transmitted from omnidirectional antenna and used for side lobe suppression SLS ( RF
Energy lost (Leaked) in off Axis direction is Corrected) to ensure right direction)
a) Mode 1 - Sort Military Target during the phases of a mission.
b) Mode 2 - Identify Military Aircraft Missions – Pulse rate 0.8 Micro second
c) Mode 3A - Identify each aircraft in the coverage area – pulse rate 0.8 micro second
d) Mode c - Request/Report Aircraft’s altitude – Pulse rate 21 micro second
e) Mode 4 - Identification of friend or Foe
f) Mode S - Discrete selective interrogation without unique identity code – P4 (New P2) transmitted 2 micro seconds after P3

vi. Reporting interrogation to the Air traffic Control.

Vii. Radar Data processor - Store the interrogation information, and displays it on the radar scope.
Viii. Airborne Transponder - L Band and UHF Antenna/connected to Altitude encode – Transmit info duing interrogation to the ground
systems
Communication Frequencies:
Band Frequency Wave Length Applications
ELF (Extremely Low 3Hz - 3 khz 10,000 – 100,000 km Underwater communication, Astronomy (Deep Space explorations
Frequency)
HF (High Frequency) 3 – 30 MHz 10 – 100 mtrs Coastal Radar System (OTH – Over the Horizon Radar)

VHF (Very High Frequency) 30 – 300 MHz 1 – 10 mtrs Very long range, ground penetrating

UHF (Ultra High Frequency) 300 – 1000 MHz 0.3 – 1 mtrs Very long range, Ballistic Missile

L1 – L2 BAND 2 GHz 15 - 30 cm Long range Air Traffic Control & Surveillance.

S BAND 2 - 4 GHz 7.5 – 7.5 cm Moderate range surveillance, Terminal Air Traffic Control, Long Range
Weather, Marine Radar.
C BAND 4 – 8 GHz 75 – 7.5 cm Satellite Transponders – weather long range tracking

X BAND 8 – 12 GHz 2.5 – 3.5 cm Missile guidance, Marine Radar, weather, medium resolution mapping,
ground surveillance.
KU BAND 12 – 18 GHz 1.67 – 2.5 cm High resolution satellite transponder

K BAND 18 – 24 GHz 1.11 – 1.67 cm Meteorology – Detecting clouds

Ka BAND 24 -40 GHz 0.75 -1.11 cm Mapping, Airport Surveillance, Photo Radar

W BAND 75 – 110 GHz 2.7 – 4 mm Visual sensors for Autonomous Vehicles

B) SONAR (Sound Navigation Ranging)
a) Passive Sonar – Listens to the sound of the ship/Submarine – Tracking purpose can also be
used to track swarm drones.
b) Active Sonar – Sound Echoes ( Reflects) – Underwater communication & Aerial
communication with drone. Also used by dual Capability drones (Underwater & Aerial
Capabilities).
C) Quantum Radar – Detects any stealth/Hypersonic flying object. Uses entangled
photons for scanning the object.
D) Neutrino Radar – Detects deep depth underground/Underwater objects of
missiles, drones, Submarines etc., providing an early warning.
E) Muon imaging – Detects secret underground military facilities of the enemy that
could pose any potential threat of intrusion & attack.
2) Regulatory systems:-
a) National Airspace Regulations
i. Civil Aviation Regulations : - Aircraft licensing, Safety regulations, Pilot Licensing, Drone
Licensing, license to use communication Frequency, satellite systems, Flight parameters,
Airport rules, Regulating Passengers on board the flight.
ii. Military Regulations : - No fly Zones, Surveillance restrictions, Exclusivity of communication
frequency, Destroying potential threat etc.
b) Compliance of International Regulations
i. IATA regulations (International Air Transport Association)
ii. United Nations Resolutions ( UN Security Council Resolutions Imposing Restrictions)
c) Honoring International commitments
Bilateral & Multilateral International Agreement between the Sovereign governments.
3) Response systems:
a) Assistance to the Aircraft in distress: - Priority runway clearance,
Stand by Fire Safety, Stand by Medical Facility
b) Controlling the rogue Aircraft posing threat: - Warning,
Overpowering the shooting down of the Aircraft/Missile/Drone
4) Defense & Security
i. Scanning extended airspace :
While earlier the ATC operations involved only the airspace in the vicinity of the airport to accord
safe landing & take off for the aircrafts, later for defence considerations it extended to cover the
entire national airspace. However today with Hypersonic Aircrafts and Missiles carrying weapons of
mass destruction being the largest threat perception, the present day objective includes perpetual
scanning of the whole of the global airspace to secure national interest and for safety of national
aircrafts in international airspace.
ii. Multimodal surveillance:
Today the defence sector globally has acquired a multimodal attack capability. The Aircraft
Carrier ships, Surface to Air missile system, Underwater to Air Missile system (Submarine
launched), Dual capacity Drones having a built in underwater & aerial capabilities etc have
necessitated the multimodal scanning of airspace, surface, and underwater and a real time
synchronisation of all the scanned results and activating the counter response system. It
involves using different classes of waves & techniques - Radio waves of varied wave
lengths for air space scan including ELF (Extremely Low Frequency) techniques for under
water scan, Sound waves for underwater scan, Photons using Quantum radar for scanning
the stealth aircrafts, missiles and other flying objects, Neutrino using neutrino radars for
deep depth underground scan, and for deep depth underwater scans, etc and converting
its information to a common platform and synchronising it with the real time response
system.
iii. Counter measures against stealth technology
The ever upgrading stealth technology, which defies detection by the usual
radars using radio frequency, has necessitated the development of Quantum
Radar systems, Infrared detection systems, Heat sensing radar Systems,
Neutrino Radar systems.
The Swarm drones which poses greater threat in the 5th generation warfare,
can also now be detected by DEDRONE 3.5 system and can be defunct by the
electromagnetic shock guns.
The Stealth missile and the stealth aircrafts / Military drones being used for
mass destruction can also be defunct by the MASER (Microwave
Amplification by Simulated Emission of Radiation) Shockwaves.
Thank You