PHILIPPINE

HISTORY
( 18th Century)
• The Philippines was never profitable as a
colony during Spanish rule, and the long war
against the Dutch in the 17th century together
with the intermittent conflict with the
Muslims in the South nearly bankrupted the
colonial treasury.
• The Royal Fiscal of Manila wrote a letter to
King Charles III of Spain, in which he advises to
abandon the colony.
 British invasion
• Britain declared war against Spain on January
4, 1762 and on September 24, 1762 a force of
British Army regulars and British East India
Company soldiers, supported by the ships and
men of the East Indies Squadron of the British
Royal Navy, sailed into Manila Bay from
Madras, India.
• Manila fell to the British on October 4, 1762.
• national ship based on Spain. Those
expeditions were administered since 1785 by
the Real Compa��a Filipina, which was
granted a monopoly of trade between Spain
and the islands that lasted until 1834, when
the company was terminated by the Spanish
crown due to poor management and financial
losses.
• In 1781, Governor-General Jose Basco y
Vargas established the Economic Society of
the Friends of the Country. The Philippines
was administered from the Viceroyalty of New
Spain until the grant of independence to
Mexico in 1821 necessitated the direct rule
from Spain of the Philippines from that year.
• José Basco y Vargas,1st Count
of the Conquest of Batanes
Islands Spanish: José Basco y
Vargas, primer conde de la
conquista de las islas Batanes
was a naval officer of the
Spanish navy who served as
the 53rd governor of the
Philippines under the Spanish
Empire, from 1778 to 1787. He
was one of the most economic
minded governors-general
that served in Spanish ruled
Philippines.
 Spanish Rule During the 19th Century
• During the 19th century Spain invested heavily in
education and infrastructure. Through the Education
Decree of December 20, 1863,
• Queen Isabella II of Spain decreed the establishment of
a free public school system that used Spanish as the
language of instruction, leading to increasing numbers
of educated Filipinos. Additionally, the opening of the
Suez Canal in 1869 cut travel time to Spain, which
facilitated the rise of the ilustrados, an enlightened
class of Filipinos that had been able to expand their
studies in Spain and Europe.
• August 1, 1851- the Banco Espanol-Filipino de
Isabel II was established to attend the needs of
the rapid economic boom, that had greatly
increased its pace since 1840 as a result of a new
economy based on a rational exploitation of the
agricultural resources of the islands. The increase
in textile fiber crops such as abaca, oil products
derived from the coconut, indigo, that was
growing in demand, etc., generated an increase in
money supply that led to the creation of the
bank.
• Banco Espa�ol-Filipino was also granted the
power to print a Philippine-specific currency
(the Philippine peso) for the first time (before
1851, many currencies were used, mostly the
pieces of eight).
• Spanish Manila was seen in the 19th century as a
model of colonial governance that effectively put the
interests of the original inhabitants of the islands
before those of the colonial power. As John Crawfurd
put it in its History of the Indian Archipelago, in all of
Asia the "Philippines alone did improve in civilization,
wealth, and populousness under the colonial rule" of a
foreign power.
• John Bowring, Governor General of British Hong Kong
from 1856 to 1860, wrote after his trip to Manila:
• "Credit is certainly due to Spain for having
bettered the condition of a people who,
though comparatively highly civilized, yet
being continually distracted by petty wars, had
sunk into a disordered and uncultivated state.
• The first official census in the Philippines was
carried out in 1878. The colony's population as
of December 31, 1877, was recorded at
5,567,685 persons. This was followed by the
1887 census that yielded a count of 6,984,727,
while that of 1898 yielded 7,832,719
inhabitants.[93]
• The estimated GDP per capita for the
Philippines in 1900, the year Spain left, was of
$1,033.00. That made it the second richest
place in all of Asia, just a little behind Japan
($1,135.00),
 Philippine Revolution
• Revolutionary sentiments arose in 1872 after
three Filipino priests:
• Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto
Zamora, known as Gomburza, - were accused of
sedition by colonial authorities and executed.
This would inspire the Propaganda Movement in
Spain, organized by Marcelo H. del Pilar, Jose
Rizal, Graciano Lopez Jaena, and Mariano Ponce,
that clamored for adequate representation to the
Spanish Cortes and later for independence.
• Jose Rizal, the most celebrated intellectual
and radical ilustrado of the era, wrote the
novels "Noli Me TAngere", and "El
filibusterismo", which greatly inspired the
movement for independence. The Katipunan,
a secret society whose primary purpose was
that of overthrowing Spanish rule in the
Philippines, was founded by Andres Bonifacio
who became its Supremo (leader).
• The Philippine Revolution began in 1896. Rizal
was wrongly implicated in the outbreak of the
revolution and executed for treason in 1896.
The Katipunan in Cavite split into two groups,
Magdiwang, led by Mariano Alvarez (a relative
of Bonifacio's by marriage), and Magdalo, led
by Emilio Aguinaldo. Leadership conflicts
between Bonifacio and Aguinaldo culminated
in the execution or assassination of the former
by the latter's soldiers.
• Aguinaldo agreed to a truce with the Pact of Biak-
na-Bato and Aguinaldo and his fellow
revolutionaries were exiled to Hong Kong. Not all
the revolutionary generals complied with the
agreement. One, General Francisco Makabulos,
established a Central Executive Committee to
serve as the interim government until a more
suitable one was created. Armed conflicts
resumed, this time coming from almost every
province in Spanish-governed Philippines.
• In 1898, as conflicts continued in the Philippines, the USS
Maine, having been sent to Cuba because of U.S. concerns
for the safety of its citizens during an ongoing Cuban
revolution, exploded and sank in Havana harbor. This event
precipitated the Spanish-American War.[96] After
Commodore George Dewey defeated the Spanish squadron
at Manila, a German squadron arrived in Manila and
engaged in maneuvers which Dewey, seeing this as
obstruction of his blockade, offered war-after which the
Germans backed down. The German Emperor expected an
American defeat, with Spain left in a sufficiently weak
position for the revolutionaries to capture Manila-leaving
the Philippines ripe for German picking.
• The U.S. invited Aguinaldo to return to the
Philippines in the hope he would rally Filipinos
against the Spanish colonial government.
Aguinaldo arrived on May 19, 1898, via transport
provided by Dewey. By the time U.S. land forces
had arrived, the Filipinos had taken control of the
entire island of Luzon, except for the walled city
of Intramuros. On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo
declared the independence of the Philippines in
Kawit, Cavite, establishing the First Philippine
Republic under Asia's first democratic
constitution.
• In the Battle of Manila, the United States
captured the city from the Spanish. This battle
marked an end of Filipino-American
collaboration, as Filipino forces were
prevented from entering the captured city of
Manila, an action deeply resented by the
Filipinos. Spain and the United States sent
commissioners to Paris to draw up the terms
of the Treaty of Paris which ended the
Spanish-American War.
• The Filipino representative, Felipe Agoncillo, was excluded
from sessions as the revolutionary government was not
recognized by the family of nations. Although there was
substantial domestic opposition, the United States decided to
annex the Philippines.
• In addition to Guam and Puerto Rico, Spain was forced in the
negotiations to hand over the Philippines to the U.S. in
exchange for US$20,000,000.00. U.S.
• President McKinley justified the annexation of the Philippines
by saying that it was "a gift from the gods" and that since
"they were unfit for self-government, there was nothing left
for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos,
and uplift and civilize and Christianize them", in spite of the
Philippines having been already Christianized by the Spanish
over the course of several centuries. The first Philippine
Republic resisted the U.S. occupation, resulting in the
Philippine-American War (1899-1913).
 Philippine-American War
• Philippine-American War Hostilities broke out on
February 4, 1899, after two American privates on
patrol killed three Filipino soldiers in San Juan, a
Manila suburb. This incident sparked the
Philippine-American War, which would cost far
more money and take far more lives than the
Spanish-American War. Some 126,000 American
soldiers would be committed to the conflict;
4,234 Americans died, as did 12,000-20,000
Philippine Republican Army soldiers who were
part of a nationwide guerrilla movement of
indeterminate numbers.
• The general population, caught between
Americans and rebels, suffered significantly. At
least 200,000 Filipino civilians lost their lives
as an indirect result of the war mostly as a
result of the cholera epidemic at the war's end
that took between 150,000 and 200,000 lives.
Atrocities were committed by both sides.
• The poorly equipped Filipino troops were easily
overpowered by American troops in open combat, but
they were formidable opponents in guerrilla warfare.
Malolos, the revolutionary capital, was captured on
March 31, 1899. Aguinaldo and his government
escaped, however, establishing a new capital at San
Isidro, Nueva Ecija.
• On June 5, 1899, Antonio Luna, Aguinaldo's most
capable military commander, was killed by Aguinaldo's
guards in an apparent assassination while visiting
Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija to meet with Aguinaldo. With
his best commander dead and his troops suffering
continued defeats as American forces pushed into
northern Luzon, Aguinaldo dissolved the regular army
on November 13 and ordered the establishment of
decentralized guerrilla commands in each of several
military zones.
• Another key general, Gregorio del Pilar, was killed on
December 2, 1899 in the Battle of Tirad Pass�a rear
guard action to delay the Americans while Aguinaldo
made good his escape through the mountains.
• Aguinaldo was captured at Palanan, Isabela on March
23, 1901 and was brought to Manila. Convinced of the
futility of further resistance, he swore allegiance to the
United States and issued a proclamation calling on his
compatriots to lay down their arms, officially bringing
an end to the war. However, sporadic insurgent
resistance continued in various parts of the Philippines,
especially in the Muslim south, until 1913.