1. Behaviorism is a theory of language learning that focuses on observable behaviors and how they are shaped through stimulus-response interactions and reinforcement.
2. Major proponents of behaviorism include psychologists like Watson, Pavlov, Thorndike, and Skinner who believed that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning in the environment and that mental processes are not observable and therefore not relevant to the scientific study of learning.
3. Behaviorism had a significant influence on approaches to second language teaching in the mid-20th century, emphasizing habit formation and drilling practices to build language skills through reinforcement.
1. Behaviorism is a theory of language learning that focuses on observable behaviors and how they are shaped through stimulus-response interactions and reinforcement.
2. Major proponents of behaviorism include psychologists like Watson, Pavlov, Thorndike, and Skinner who believed that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning in the environment and that mental processes are not observable and therefore not relevant to the scientific study of learning.
3. Behaviorism had a significant influence on approaches to second language teaching in the mid-20th century, emphasizing habit formation and drilling practices to build language skills through reinforcement.
1. Behaviorism is a theory of language learning that focuses on observable behaviors and how they are shaped through stimulus-response interactions and reinforcement.
2. Major proponents of behaviorism include psychologists like Watson, Pavlov, Thorndike, and Skinner who believed that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning in the environment and that mental processes are not observable and therefore not relevant to the scientific study of learning.
3. Behaviorism had a significant influence on approaches to second language teaching in the mid-20th century, emphasizing habit formation and drilling practices to build language skills through reinforcement.
According to Demirezen (1988:135) background of behaviorism
growth is basically, behaviorist theory is psychology theory that was
founded by J.B. Watson as a reaction to traditional grammar. This theory was supported by Leonard Bloomfield, O.N, Mowrer, B.F Skinner and A.W Staats. Major principle of behaviorist theory: is the analysis of human behavior in observable stimulus-response interaction as the association between them. Thorndike was the first behaviorist who explored the learning area in order to form association on particular process of behavior and the consequence itself.
There were kinds of behaviorism that the behaviorist theory of
stimulus response learning was developed in operant conditioning from Skinner.
On the other hand, other behaviorist was assumed by Pavlov,
that stimulus and response work together. is the earliest language learning theory which is propounded by J.B. Watson (1878-1957) in 1913. This theory is supported and believed by some behaviorists who are Skinner, Pavlov and Thordike; also profoundly developed the theory of behaviorism on learning.
focuses on observable behaviors which are changed as
the symptoms of learning.
According to Brown (1987:17), behavioristic approach
focuses on the immediately perceptible aspects of linguistic behavior- the publicly observable responses. Learning only occurs when there are changes in behavior and observable as an evidence of changing. Example: feeling and mental processes are not accepted in Skinner's human behavior's theory, however he still accepted the existence of mind.
Behaviorists consider learning a language, as a set of mechanical habits
which are formed through the process of imitation and repetition. Learning a second language (L2) should be learnt through extensive drill and practice. Lie outside rather than within the individual.
The dualistic portrayal of mankind which distinguishes
between mental processes and observable behavior is scientifically unproductive.
The scientific study of mankind should be restricted as
much as possible to directly observable quantities. Explanations of human behavior are simple in principle, as behavior arose out the elementary learning processes, but in practice however, behavior is quite complex.
Man is generally a shallow and imprecise observer of both
his own and other's behavior.
Attempt to influence behavior, must be preceded by a
thorough behavioral analysis. • Behaviorism is primarily associated with Pavlov (classical conditioning) in Russia and J.B. Watson; while B.F. Skinner in United States (Operant conditioning)
1. Acquisition is the initial stage of learning when a response is to be
strengthened. 2. Extinction is when the occurences of a conditioned response decrease or disappear. 3. Spontaneous Recovery is the reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest period.
4. Stimulus Generalization is the tendency for the conditioned stimulus
to appear similar responses after the response has been conditioned.
5. Discrimination is the ability to differentiate between a conditioned
stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus. • 1. Behaviorist theory dwells on spoken language; learning a language is primarily what is spoken and secondarily what is written.
• 2. Is the habit formation theory of language teaching and learning.
• 3. The Stimulus-response chain, S-Response emphasizes conditioning
and building from the simplest conditioned responses to more and more complex behaviors. • 4. All learning is the establishment of habits as the result of reinforcement and reward.
• 5. The learning, due to its socially-conditioned nature, can
be the same for each individual. BEHAVIORISM AS A SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION 1. Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH)- interference was the main source of errors in the process of second language acquisition. (Stimulus and-response model) regarded instances of interference between L1 & L2 as a result of linguistic habits that were transferred from the mother tongue to the language to be learnt.
2. Creative Contrastive Hypothesis (CCH)- native language of a learner does
not have much influence on the acquisition of another language.
3. Interlanguage Hypothesis (ILH)- notably formulated by Larry Selinker in 1972
and included interference as a possible source of error. It explained that learners access a particular linguistic system when they try to acquire another language. This systematic set of rules is called interlanguage and differs from both the native and the target language. BEHAVIORISM AS A SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISTION 1. - function as a structural approach designed to develop oral communication fluency in L2.
2. - linguistic knowledge is an abstract nature no solely on
the set of mechanical habits (Imitation and Repetition).
3. - consists of five hypotheses such as The Input
Hypothesis, The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis,The Monitor Hypothesis, The Natural Order Hypothesis and The Affective Filter Hypothesis. BEHAVIORISM AS A SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISTION 4. INTERACTIONISM- language develops as a result when interaction occurs between children and other speakers.
5.Comprehension Output- four ways in which output might play
a role in the process of second language learning (reading, listening, writing and speaking) as proposed by (Swain, 1985) that Listening and Reading could be the comprehensible inputs different from speaking and writing. 1.Input Hypothesis- claimed that language acquisition takes place through comprehension input.
2. Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis- explained that adults have two
distinct and independent ways to develop knowledge of a second language- learning and acquisition.
3. Monitor Hypothesis-acquired knowledge is responsible for fluency
and intuitive judgments about correctness.
4.Affective Filter Hypothesis- this hypothesis is connected to the