FUNDAMENTALS OF EMBEDDED

SYSTEM

Embedded System
D-04
SEEE

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 What is an Embedded System?
 An embedded system is one that has computer hardware
with software embedded in it as one of its components.
Or
 We can say that it is “A combination of computer
hardware and software, and perhaps additional
mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a
dedicated function.
 In some cases, embedded systems are part of a larger
system or product, as is the case of an antilock braking
system in a car ”.
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 Applications of Embedded Systems
 Industrial machines, automobiles, medical equipment, cameras,
household appliances, airplanes, vending machines and toys (as well
as the more obvious cellular phone and PDA) are among the possible
hosts of an embedded system.

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Embedded Systems in Automobiles and Embedded Systems in Smart
in telecommunications Cards,
Motor and cruise control system Missiles and Satellites
Body or Engine safety Security systems
Entertainment and multimedia in car Telephone and banking
E-Com and Mobile access Defence and aerospace
Robotics in assembly line Communication
Wireless communication
Mobile computing and networking
Embedded Systems in Consumer Embedded Systems in Peripherals &
Electronics Computer Networking
Digital Cameras Displays and Monitors
Set top Boxes Networking Systems
High Definition TVs Image Processing
DVDs Network cards and printers
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 Examples

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MICROPROCESSOR V/S MICROCONTROLLER

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 Types of Processors
 Embedded systems are domain and application specific and
are built around central core. The core can be of one of the
type:

 ASIC
 DSP
 FPGA

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 Application Specific Integrated Circuit
 ASIC (Application Specified Integrated Circuit) is a customized
integrated circuit.
 It is usually used by a person or company for a very limited usage.
 It is not useful for other usages, for example, an IC designed for a
specific line of cellular phones of a company, whereby no other
products can use it except the cell phones belonging to that
product line.
 ASIC is just built for one and only one customer; only in one
product line.
 Only volume production of ASICs for one product can make sense
which means low unit cost for high volume products, otherwise
the cost is not efficient.
 Can exploit parallelism to achieve high performance and have low
power consumption

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 Field Programmable Gate Array
 Field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is an integrated
circuit that can be programmed or reprogrammed to the
required functionality or application after manufacturing.
 Important characteristics of field-programmable gate arrays
include lower complexity, higher speed, volume designs and
programmable functions.
 With more technological advances, field-programmable gate
arrays are a convenient proposition for most designs and
markets.

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 Digital Signal Processor
 A Digital Signal Processor, or DSP, is a specialized
microprocessor that has an architecture which is optimized
for the fast operational needs of digital signal processing.
 A Digital Signal Processor (DSP) can process data in real
time, making it ideal for applications that can’t tolerate
delays.
 Digital signal processors take a digital signal and process it to
improve the signal into clearer sound, faster data or sharper
images.
 Digital Signal Processors use video, voice, audio,
temperature or position signals that have been digitized and
mathematically manipulate them.
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 Components of Embedded System

Layered architecture of an Embedded System

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  Embedded System consist of 3 main components:

1. Embedded System Hardware

2. Application Software
3. Real Time Operating System (RTOS)

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 HARDWARE

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 Embedded System Hardware

 An embedded system uses a hardware platform to

perform the operation. Hardware of the embedded
system is assembled
with microprocessor/microcontroller. Generally, an
embedded system comprises of the following:
 Power Supply
 Memory
 Processor
 Timers
 Output/Output circuits
 Serial communication ports
 SASC (System application specific circuits)
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 Embedded System Software
 The software of an embedded system is written to
execute a particular function.
 It is normally written in a high-level setup like
Embedded C, C++, Python etc. and then compiled
down to offer code that can be stuck within a non-
volatile memory in the hardware.
 An embedded system software is intended to keep in
view of the following three limits:
1.Convenience of system memory
2.Convenience of processor’s speed
3.When the embedded system runs constantly, there is a
necessity to limit power dissipation for actions like run,
stop and wake up.
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 Operating System
 It acts as a bridge between user applications and underlying system
through a set of system functionalities and services.

 The primary functions of an OS are:

I. Make the system convenient to use
II. Organise and manage the system resources efficiently and
correctly.

 Depending upon various features of an OS like responsiveness

of applications, purpose of computing system OS is divided
into:
1. GPOS
2. RTOS

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 General Purpose Operating System
(GPOS)
 GPOS is an OS deployed in general computing system.

 It is generalised and contains all kinds of services required for

executing generic applications.

 It is non deterministic in behaviour and often induce random

delays causing slow responsiveness of an application at unexpected
times.

 PC, Desktop are the typical examples where GPOS are deployed.
Windows 10/8.x/XP/MS-DOS are examples of GPOS.

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 Real Time Operating System (RTOS)
 A system which is essential to finish its task and send its service on
time, then only it said to be a real time operating system.
 RTOS controls the application software and affords a device to
allow the processor run.
 It is responsible for managing the different hardware resources of
a personal computer and also host applications which run on the
PC.
 This operating system is specially designed to run various
applications with an exact timing and a huge amount of
consistency. Particularly, this can be significant in measurement &
industrial automation systems where a delay of a program could
cause a safety hazard.
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 Real Time Embedded System
 Embedded systems in which some specific work has to
be done in a specific time period are called real-time
systems.
 It is of 2 types:
1. Hard Real-Time
2. Soft Real- Time
 For example, consider a system that has to open a valve
within 30 milliseconds when the humidity crosses a
particular threshold. If the valve is not opened within 30
milliseconds, a catastrophe may occur.
 Such systems with strict deadlines are called hard real-
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time systems.
 Hard Real-Time Embedded System

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 Soft Real Time Embedded System
 In some embedded systems, deadlines are imposed, but
not adhering to them once in a while may not lead to a
catastrophe.
 For example, consider a DVD player. Suppose, you give
a command to the DVD player from a remote control,
and there is a delay of a few milliseconds in executing
that command. But, this delay won’t lead to a serious
implication.
 Such systems are called soft real time systems .

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 SMART CARD
 Smart Card is one of the most used embedded system today.
 Commonly used for credit/debit cards, ID card, Medical
card, E-Card etc.
 It is a plastic card with standard ISO dimensions 85.6 X
53.98 X 0.80 mm; an Embedded System on a card.

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 Washing Machine
 Let us see the important parts of the washing machine;
this will also help us understand the working of the
washing machine:
1) Water inlet control valve:
Near the water inlet point of the washing there is water
inlet control valve. When you load the clothes in washing
machine, this valve gets opened automatically and it
closes automatically depending on the total quantity of
the water required.
2) Water pump:
The water pump circulates water through the washing
machine.
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 Parts of a Washing
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 3)Tub:
There are two types of tubs in the washing machine: inner and outer.
The clothes are loaded in the inner tub, where the clothes are
washed, rinsed and dried. The inner tub has small holes for draining
the water. The external tub covers the inner tub and supports it
during various cycles of clothes washing.

4) Motor of the washing machine:

The motor is coupled to the agitator or the disc and produces it rotator
motion. These are multispeed motors, whose speed can be changed
as per the requirement. In the fully automatic washing machine the
speed of the motor i.e. the agitator changes automatically as per the
load on the washing machine.

5)Timer:
The timer helps setting the wash time for the clothes manually. In the
automatic mode the time is set automatically depending upon the
number of clothes inside the washing machine.

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 6) Agitator or rotating disc:
The agitator is located inside the tub of the washing
machine. It is the important part of the washing machine
that actually performs the cleaning operation of the
clothes. During the wash cycle the agitator rotates
continuously and produces strong rotating currents
within the water due to which the clothes also rotate
inside the tub.

7) Drain pipe:
The drain pipe enables removing the dirty water from the
washing that has been used for the washing purpose.

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 8) Printed circuit board (PCB):
The PCB comprises of the various electronic components and
circuits, which are programmed to perform in unique ways
depending on the load conditions (the condition and the
amount of clothes loaded in the washing machine). Thus the
PCB will calculate the total weight of the clothes, and find
out the quantity of water and detergent required, and the
total time required for washing the clothes. Then they will
decide the time required for washing and rinsing. The entire
processing is done on a kind of processor which may be a
microprocessor or microcontroller.

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 Washing Machine
 Daily life examples of embedded systems include automatic
washing machines and dryers.

 You just have to add clothes and leave it to the machine. Rest
operations are done by your machine itself.

 Machines have a Microcontroller for controlling all the tasks.

 Sensors and actuators in this case are level sensors, valves,

motor and also a display and keypad to input information.

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  Once you load clothes in machine, the whole process consists
of three cycles. Washing, rinsing and spinning.
 All the three cycles are initiated by machine itself.You just
have to enter information for hot or cold water and press
start button.
 During washing and rinsing cycle, water is added to the
drum by pipes.
 Closing and opening of valves for adding water is checked
through level sensors by microcontroller like PIC.

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  Then the rotation of drum starts for pre-set time. After
that water is drained out through pipes.
 During spinning cycle, water is not added and drum
rotates for a set time.
 All the processes are controlled by microcontroller
program.
 The timings for each cycle can be changed through the
keypad.

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 IOT in condition monitoring of plant
processes (Block Diagram)

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 Cyber-physical world

A cyber-physical (also styled cyberphysical) system (CPS) is a mechanism that is

controlled or monitored by computer-based algorithms, tightly integrated with the Internet
and its users. In cyber-physical systems, physical and software components are deeply intertwined, each
operating on different spatial and temporal scales, exhibiting multiple and distinct behavioral modalities,
and interacting with each other in a lot of ways that change with context.
Examples of CPS include smart grid, autonomous automobile systems, medical
monitoring, process control systems, robotics systems, and automatic pilot avionics.
CPS involves transdisciplinary approaches, merging theory of cybernetics, mechatronics, design
and process science. The process control is often referred to as embedded systems. In
embedded systems, the emphasis tends to be more on the computational elements, and less on
an intense link between the computational and physical elements. CPS is also similar to
the Internet of Things (IoT), sharing the same basic architecture; nevertheless, CPS presents a
higher combination and coordination between physical and computational elements.
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 Cyber-Physical System
The foundation of big data, the accessibility potential of the IoT and
the analytics promised by CM make it possible to integrate the
physical and virtual worlds. This integration is known as CPS,
which integrates computations with physical processes.
Embedded computers and networks monitor and control physical
processes, usually with feedback loops in which physical
processes affect computations and vice versa. This means that
information about manufacturing components on the shop floor
(i.e., machines, robots) and their corresponding modules in
virtual space are synchronized. CPS manage big data and
leverage the interconnectivity of manufacturing components to
achieve the goal of intelligent, resilient and self-adaptable
components. To pave a way to CPS, researchers focused on
developing a Digital Twin (DT).
Such components are transforming the concept of the traditional
factory toward a smart factory.

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 Thank You

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