PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND GENETIC CODE

dr. Meizly Andina, M.Biomed

DEPARTEMEN BIOKIMIA

www.meizlyandina.blogspot.com
 CHROMOSOME

BASE PAIR
GENOME

GENE
 CHROMOSOMES
 Long strands of DNA packaged and compressed very tightly
 Everyone has 2 sets (1 pair) of chromosomes
1 pair of each of the 22 ‘autosomes’
 plus XX for a female (46XX)

 or XY for a male (46XY)

Murray RK, et al, 2009. Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry

 ORGANIZATION OF HUMAN DNA

Harvey RA, 2011. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry

Murray RK, et al, 2009. Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry
 DNA

Harvey RA, 2011. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry

 STRUCTURE of BASES, NUCLEOSIDES and NUCLEOTIDES

Wilson K, 2010. Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

 GENE
9
 The haploid human genome is made up of 3 x 10 base pairs of DNA ((990 mm), contains
50,000-100,000 genes arranged on 46 chromosomes, packaged within the nucleus of the
cell
 Calculate the weight in grams of a double-helical DNA molecule stretching from the earth to
the moon (~320,000 km). The DNA double helix weighs about 1 X 10-18 g per 1,000
nucleotide pairs; each base pair extends 3.4 Å  our body contains about 0.5 g of DNA
 Segments of DNA code for proteins (or parts of proteins)
 Each coding segment is called a gene
 One gene codes one protein (or part of)
 Genes contain the information which makes us what we are
 Every three bases of DNA is called a ‘codon’
 Each codon specifies an amino acid which join together to form the protein
eg ATG = methionine = START
TAA = STOP
TAG = STOP
TGA = STOP
 THE “CENTRAL DOGMA”
OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Harvey RA, 2011. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry

 DNA RNA
PROTEIN

CHROMOSOMES NUCLEOTIDE GENE

PROMOTOR TERMINATOR

REGULATORY REGULATORY
SEQUENCES GENE
 PROTEIN

 Enzyme
 Receptor
 Hormone
 Growth Factor
 Immunoglobulin
 Interferon,
Interleukin, Cytokine

Swanson TA, 2010, Biochemistry, Molecular, Biology, and Genetics

 GENE EXPRESSION

TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION
NUCLEUS Initiation
CYTOPLASM
Elongation
mRNA Termination tRNA

RNA Polymerase TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS

 In the double-stranded DNA molecules, the genetic information resides in the
sequence of nucleotides on one strand

Template strand (noncoding strand)  strand of DNA that is copied during

ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis

Coding strand  matches the sequence of the RNA transcript (but containing
uracil in place of thymine) that encodes the protein.

Murray RK, et al, 2009. Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry

Eukaryotes have three distinct isoforms of RNA polymerase (RNAP):
(a) RNA polymerase I, located in nucleoli, synthesizes the precursors of most rRNAs
(28S, 18S, and 5.8S rRNA in the nucleolus)
(b) RNA polymerase II, located in the nucleoplasm, synthesizes mRNA precursors.
(c) RNA polymerase III, also located in the nucleoplasm, synthesizes the precursors
of 5S rRNA, tRNA, and a variety of small nuclear and cytosolic RNAs.

Uzman A et al, 2012, Fundamentals of Biochemistry Life At the Molecular Level

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Harvey RA, 2011. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry
 THE GENETIC CODE

Wilson K, 2010. Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Harvey RA, 2011. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry
 TRANSLATION

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 GENE REGULATION

REGULATORY SEQUENCES, eg: TATA BOX

REGULATORY GENE  REGULATORY PROTEIN,

eg: TATA BINDING PROTEIN

TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS ENHANCERS

RNA POLYMERASE  TRANSCRIPTION

Harvey RA, 2011. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry

A. Eukaryotic general transcription factors (CTF, SP1, TFIID) bind to

consensus sequences found in promoters for RNA polymerase II .
Additional general transcription factors (TFIIs) are required for
assembly of the initiation complex and recruitment of polymerase.
B. Enhancer stimulation of RNA polymerase II.
Posttranscriptional processing A. Primary tRNA transcript. B. Functional tRNA after
of eukaryotic ribosomal RNA posttranscriptional modification.
by ribonucleases (RNases)

Harvey RA, 2011. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry

5' “Capping”

Addition of a poly-A tail

POST TRANSCRIPTIONAL
MODIFICATION of mRNA
Removal of introns

Harvey RA, 2011. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry

Possible effects of changing a single
nucleotide base in the coding region of
an mRNA chain
Harvey RA, 2011. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry
References :

Swanson TA, 2010, Biochemistry, Molecular, Biology, and Genetics

Uzman A et al, 2012, Fundamentals of Biochemistry Life At the Molecular Level
Wilson K, 2010. Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Murray RK, et al, 2009. Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry
Harvey RA, 2011. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry