PRESENTED BY:

SRISHTI PRAKASH
(194511)
 CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION
 FEATURES
 WORKING
 OPERATION
 APPLICATIONS
 BENEFITS
 CONCLUSION

2
 Introduction

 Every person with a basic knowledge of electronics would

be familiar with the three fundamental circuit elements —
RESISTOR
CAPACITOR
INDUCTOR

These three elements are defined by the relation between

two of the four fundamental circuit variables — current,
voltage, charge and flux.

 But, Leon Chua discovered a fourth fundamental circuit

element which he named as

MEMRISTOR [MEMORY + RESISTOR]

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W h a t is e r ist o r
 What is a MEMRISTOR
Memristor is really a MEMory ResISTOR

Memristor can be defined as a two terminal device

which shows the relation between magnetic flux and
charge

5
Contd..

A Memristor is a semiconductor whose resistance varies

as a function of flux and charge. This allows it to
“remember” what has passed through the circuit.

 Characterized by Memristance.

The flux between the two terminals is a function of the

amount of electric charge q that has passed through the
device .

Ø=f(q)

Dept. of E & C, SCEM 6

 Features of Memristor

•Retain its resistance level even after power had

been shut down.

•Remember (or recall) the last resistance it had,

before being shut off.

•“Remember” how much current has pass through it.

Dept. of E & C, SCEM 7

•Microscopic image shows 17 memristors sandwiched between
a single bottom wire that makes contact with one side of the
device and a top wire that contacts the opposite side.

•The devices act as ‘memory resistors’

8
 Physical analogy for a memristor
•Resistor is analogous to a pipe of fixed diameter
through which water is flowing.

•Water(charge q), input pressure(voltage V), rate of

flow of water(current I).

•Resistance depends on diameter.

•Memristor is analogous to a special kind of pipe

that expands or shrinks when water flows through
it.

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•If water pressure is turned off, pipe will retain its
most recent diameter, until water is turned back on.

Dept. of E & C, SCEM 10

 • The pipe is directive in nature.

Memristor Pipe
Charge Water
Conductance Cross sectional area
Potential Pressure

When water flows When water flows

in one direction in opposite
the diameter direction the
increases diameter decreases
(resistance (resistance
decreases) increases)

Dept. of E & C, SCEM 11

Current Voltage characteristics of
Resistor and Memristor

12
Relation between charge, current,
voltage and magnetic flux to one another

Dept. of E & C, SCEM 13

Symmetry of Relationships

Voltage(V)
Resistors Current(I)
v=Ri
v=dΦ/dt i=dq/dt

q=Cv Φ = Li

?
Charge(q) Flux (Φ)
?

Dept. of E & C, SCEM 14

In 2008 experimental solid state version was reported by R.
Stanley Williams of Hewlett Packard (HP)

R. Stanley Williams

Leon Chua

Dept. of E & C, SCEM 15

 Appearance of Memristor

Crossbar architecture and magnified memristive switch having

platinum electrodes and 2 layers of TiO2

Dept. of E & C, SCEM 16

 9

40×40 crossbar→

• It’s a concentration of Memory resistors where

Switching lines are perpendicular with the
Memristor cells at the crossings.
 Crossbar array

• Array of perpendicular wires.

•Anywhere two perpendicular wires cross there is a

switch connecting them.

•To connect any horizontal wire to a vertical wire the

switch sandwiched between those two wires must be
closed.

• A crossbar array- a storage system.

Dept. of E & C, SCEM 19

 Memristor Operation

(a) TiO2-x layer having oxygen deficiencies over insulating TiO2 layer.
(b) Positive voltage applied to top layer repels oxygen deficiencies in to
the insulating TiO2 layer below.
(c) Negative voltage on the switch attracts the positively charged oxygen
bubbles pulling them out of the TiO2.

20
 Working

2 nm PT TiOv(2-x) PT
(-)ve TiO2 (+)ve

3
nm
Reduced
Oxidized

• Applied voltage makes the oxygen vacancies (+ve)

to shift towards the –ve voltage.

Dept. of E & C, SCEM 21

Contd..

• Shift between the layers is permanent in nature.

• It exist even after the voltage has been

removed.

• Causes the permanent

w change in resistance.
h
• R(TiO2-x) < R(TiO2)

• When w=D, R =RON =Lo

 & when w=0, R=ROFF=Hig
Dept. of E & C, SCEM 22
 Manufacturing
• No need of expensive retooling.

• Nanoimprint lithography.

Dept. of E & C, SCEM 23

 Applications

• As a switch.
• As a non volatile memory.
• Booting free computers.
• Can perform logic operations.
• In artificial neural networks.

Dept. of E & C, SCEM 24

 Applications of Memristors in
Memories
MEMRISTORS MEMORIES
1. RESISTIVE RAM IN ECC CIRCUITS
2. CMOS PIXEL INTEGRATED SENSORS
3. NEURAL NETWORKS
4. LOGIC AND FPGA
5. NANOSCALE SYSTEMS
6. CAM TOPOLOGY
7. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

38 *Memristor issue (not memory

topology)
 Applications of Memristors in
Memories
1 Resistive Random-Access Memory

26
 Applications of Memristors in Memories
 Generic CAM Topology:

27
 Applications of Memristors in Logic &
FPGA
 Implication Logic:

28
 Applications of Memristors in Logic &
FPGA
Field Programmable Gate Arrays:
Jason Cong introduces a novel FPGA
architecture with memristor-based
reconfiguration (mrFPGA).
The programmable interconnects of mrFPGA
use only memristors and metal wires.
Thus, the interconnections can be fabricated
over logic blocks, resulting in significant
reduction of overall area and interconnect
delay.

29
 Applications of Memristors in Logic &
FPGA

mrFPGA (a) Architecture (b) Design of

connections and switching blocks
30
 Applications of Memristors in
Neural Networks
The memristor based neuromorphic applications is
a very promising field.

31
 Artificial-Intelligence
Potential Routes to Strong A.I. with Memristor Crossbars:
• Neural Networks (feed-forward of nonlinear weighted sums of memristance
states)

• Genetic Algorithms (selection, crossover, and mutation of memristance states)

• Emergent Complexity from Memory‐Prediction Framework (Hawkins )
• Fuzzy Logic implementation

Memristor Crossbar Circuit Design for Sensor Stimulated Emergent Behavior

 Benefits

• Would allow for a quicker boot up since information is

not lost when the device is turned off.

• Hard Disk + RAM = MEMRISTOR.

• Uses less energy and produces less heat.

•As non-volatile memory, memristors do not consume

power when idle.

• Density allows for more information to be stored.

Future of Memristor
And
 Conclusion

•It is sure that Memristor is going to

revolutionaries in the 21st century as radically as
the transistor in the 20th century.

•But Memristor will have to wait a few years like

transistor which had to wait almost a decade after
it’s invention for its popular applications.

36
Any queries
...