SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT
  

Name: Muhammad Faizan , Muhammad Hassan , Syed Taha , Syed Uzair , Syed Hamoud

Roll Number : PE-019, PE-017, PE-016, PE-018, PE-42

Submitted to : Sir Imran

 

NED University Of Engineering & Technology

Department Of Petroleum Engineering
Definition of Wastes

• Substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or

are required to be disposed of by the provisions of the law

Disposal means

• Any operation which may lead to resource

recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct re-use or alternative uses.
• Solid wastes: domestic, commercial, mining and industrial wastes especially
common as co-disposal of wastes

Examples: plastics, Styrofoam containers, bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and
other trash

• Liquid Wastes: wastes in liquid form

Examples: domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste water from ponds,

manufacturing industries
and other sources
Classification of Wastes according to their Properties.

• Bio-degradable
can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others)

• Non-biodegradable
cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines, cans, Styrofoam containers and others)

Classification of Wastes according to their Effects on Human Health and the

Environment

• Hazardous wastes
Substances unsafe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically.
• Non-hazardous
Substances safe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically .
 TYPES OF WASTES

RASIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL

MUNICIPLE SOLID WASTE HAZARDOUS WASTE

AGRICULTRE

MINING

CONSTRUCTIO
N
PROBLEMS CAUSED BY IMPROPER DISPOSAL OF WASTE

• Threat to public health

• rodents, insects = vectors of diseases (transmiters)
• pathogens, typhoid, plague
• poisonous materials flammable materials

Irreversible environmental damage in ecosystems

• terrestrial and aquatic

• air pollution (incineration)
• water pollution (land burial)
PROBLEMS WITH LAND DISPOSAL OF WASTE
• Too little space for disposal
• Costs
• Harm to the environment and public health
• Landfills are unreliable in long run
Refuse (municipal solid waste)
• All non-hazardous solid waste from a community
• Requires collection and transport to a processing or disposal site Ordinary refuse: garbage + rubbish

Garbage
• Highly decomposable food waste
• Vegetable + meat

Rubbish
• Glass, rubber, tin cans
• Slowly decomposable or combustible material – paper, textile, wood

Trash
• Bulky waste material that requires special handling
• Mattress, TV, refrigerator
• Collected separately
COMPOSITION OF URBAN SOLID WASTE

paper
hard waste
plastics
metals
food waste
glass
wood
other

• 0,6 – 1,2 m3 waste / day / person

• 120 – 250 kg / m3 without compaction
• 40-50% is paper
WASTE TREATMENT AND RESOURCE RECOVERY
1.Reduce the total volume and weight of material that requires disposal Help to
conserve land resources

2.Change the form or characteristic of waste Composting, neutralizing, shredding,

incineration

3.Recover natural resources and energy in the waste material Recycling and reuse (it
takes 17 trees to make 1 ton of paper)
THERE ARE THREE TYPE OF DUMPING METHOS

• OPEN DUMBING

• OCEANIC DUMPING

• SANITARY LANDFILL
Open Dumps

• Predominant method of
waste disposal
in developing countries
• Illegal dumping problems
• Groundwater contaminatio
n, air
pollution, pest and health h
azards
SOLID

WASTE
What is a solid waste
•Any material that we discard, that is not liquid or gas, is solid waste

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW):

•Solid waste from home or office

Industrial Solid Waste:

•Solid waste produced from Mines, Agriculture or Industry
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
 
Solid Waste Management
Solid Waste Management Hierarchy
 Benefits of Recycling

The ultimate benefits from recycling are

•cleaner land, air, and water,
•overall better health, and
•a more sustainable economy.
Municipal Waste

•On-site (at home)

•Open Dump
•Sanitary Landfill
•Incineration
•Ocean dumping
 Open Dump

• Unsanitary, draws pests and vermin, harmful runoff and leachates, toxic
gases
• Still accounts for half of solid waste
Sanitary Landfill

• Layer of compacted trash covered with a layer of earth once a day and a thicker layer
when the site is full
• Require impermeable barriers to stop escape of leachates: can cause problem by
overflow
• Gases produced by decomposing garbage needs venting
Leachates
• is any liquid that in passing through matter, extracts solutes, suspended solids
or any other component of the material through which it has passed.
• In the narrow environmental context leachate is therefore any liquid material
that drains from land or stockpiled material and contains significantly elevated
concentrations of undesirable material derived from the material that it has
passed through
 Sanitary Landfill
Avoid:
• Swampy area/ Flood plains /coastal areas
• Fractures or porous rocks
• High water table
Prefer:
• Clay layers
• Heads of gullies
 Monitoring of Sanitary Landfills

•Gases: Methane, Ammonia, Hydrogen sulphide

•Heavy Metals: Lead, Chromium in soil
•Soluble substances: chloride, nitrate, sulfate
•Surface Run-offs
•Vegetation: may pick up toxic substances
•Plant residue in soil
•Paper/plastics etc – blown by the wind
 Incineration
Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in
waste materials. Incineration and other high-temperature waste treatment systems are described as
"thermal treatment". Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas and heat.

Solves space problem but:

• produces toxic gases like Cl, HCl, HCN, SO2
• High temp furnaces break down hazardous compounds but are expensive ($75 - $2000/ton)
• Heat generated can be recovered: % of waste burnt
 Ocean Dumping
• Out of sight, free of emission control norms
• Contributes to ocean pollution
• Can wash back on beaches, and can cause death of marine mammals
• Preferred method: incineration in open sea
• Ocean Dumping Ban Act, 1988: bans dumping of sewage sludge and
industrial waste
• Dredge spoils still dumped in oceans, can cause habitat destruction and
export of fluvial pollutants
 Ways of Reducing Solid Waste

• Incineration, compacting
• Hog feed: requires heat treatment
• Composting: requires separation of organics from glass and metals
• Recycling and Reusing
 Recycling: facts and figures
• In 1999, recycling and composting activities prevented about 64 million tons
of material from ending up in landfills and incinerators. Today, this country
recycles 32 percent of its waste, a rate that has almost doubled during the past
15 years.
• 50 percent of all paper, 34 percent of all plastic soft drink bottles, 45 percent
of all aluminum beer and soft drink cans, 63 percent of all steel packaging,
and 67 percent of all major appliances are now recycled.
• Twenty years ago, only one curbside recycling program existed in the United
States, which collected several materials at the curb. By 2005, almost 9,000
curbside programs had sprouted up across the nation. As of 2005, about 500
materials recovery facilities had been established to process the collected
materials.
 Waste Exchange
• One persons waste can be another persons raw material
• Isopropyl alcohol = cleaning solvent
• Nitric Acid from Electronic Industry = high grade fertilizer
• Spent acid of steel industry = control for H2S
THANK YOU !!!!