Geometric Construction

© Project Lead The Way, Inc.

Contents
 Points and Lines  Angles
 Cartesian Coordinate  Circles and Ellipse
System  Geometric
 Planes Constraints
 Polygons

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 Geometric Forms
 Points
 Points are used to indicate locations in space.
 Points are considered to have no height, width or
depth.
 A point can be defined as a set of coordinates (x,y) on
the Cartesian plane.
 Lines
 A straight line is the shortest distance between two
points.
 Lines are considered to have length, but no other
dimension such as width or thickness. Back to Contents

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 Geometric Forms
 Planes
Planes are defined by:
Three points not lying in a straight line

Two parallel lines

Two intersecting lines

A point and a line

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Geometric Forms
Polygons
 A polygon is any closed plane,
geometric figure with three or more
sides or angles.
 Polygons can be inscribed (drawn within
a circumference) or circumscribed
(drawn around a circumference).

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 Polygons Inscribed Polygon
An inscribed polygon can be
constructed by determining the
number of sides and the distance
across the corners.

Circle diameter = distance across corners

8-sided polygon Connect radial lines where the ends

intersect the circumference
Example:
There are 360 in a circle; for an eight-sided polygon divide
360 by 8 (360 8=45 ) to determine the central angle.
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 Polygons Circumscribed Polygon
A circumscribed polygon can be
constructed by determining the
number of sides and the distance
across the flats.

Circle diameter = distance across the

flats

8-sided polygon Connect radial lines by drawing line

segments tangent to arc segments
Example:
There are 360 in a circle; for an eight-sided polygon divide
360 by 8 (360 8=45 ) to determine the central angle.
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 Polygons Triangle

Triangle

•A triangle is a plane figure bounded by

three straight sides.

•The sum of the interior angles is always

180°.
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Polygons Triangle

Equilateral Triangle – All sides equal; all

angles equal.

Isosceles Triangle – Two sides equal; two

angles equal.

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Polygons Triangle

Right Triangle – Contains one 90 angle.

Scalene Triangle – No equal sides or angles.

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 Quadrilateral
Polygons

Quadrilateral

•A quadrilateral is a plane figure bounded

by four straight sides.

•If the opposite sides are parallel, the

quadrilateral is also a parallelogram.
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 Quadrilateral
Polygons
Parallelograms:

Square – All sides equal, four right angles.

Rectangle – Opposite sides are equal,

four right angles.

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 Quadrilateral
Polygons
Parallelograms:

Rhombus – All sides equal; Opposite

angles are equal.

Rhomboid – Opposite sides are equal;

Opposite angles are equal.

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 Quadrilateral
Polygons

Trapezoid – Two sides parallel.

Trapezium – No sides parallel.

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 Other
Polygons Polygons

5 SIDES 6 SIDES 7 SIDES

Pentagon Hexagon Heptagon

8 SIDES 9 SIDES 10 SIDES

Back to Contents

Octagon Nonagon Decagon

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 The set of all points in the same
Ellipse plane whose sum of the distances
from two fixed points is constant.

The sum of the distances

of the black lines equals
the sum of the distances
of the red lines. Back to Contents

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Geometric Constraints
 When making solid models, constraints
are necessary to produce parts of exact
shapes and sizes. To make a part
parametric it is necessary to use as
many geometric constraints as possible.
The next set of slides will show what
that geometry is.

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Geometric Constraints
Parallel - Lines that are equal distance from
each other at each point along their length.

These two lines are parallel. The lines are

also representing the symbol for parallel.

Perpendicular - Lines that are 90° from one another.

These two lines are perpendicular and

represent the symbol for perpendicular.

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 Geometric Constraints
Horizontal - A line is horizontal when it is parallel to
the horizon. In solid modeling, the line is also parallel
in the horizontal projection plane and will appear true
length.

Vertical - A line is vertical when it is perpendicular to

the horizon. This line will be parallel to the front and
profile projection planes.

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 Geometric Constraints
Tangent - A line or arc that has one point in common
with an arc. If a line is tangent with a circle(Figure A),
the line will be perpendicular with a line drawn from the
point of tangency through the center point of the arc.
If two arcs are tangent (Figure B), a line drawn between
the centers will intersect at the point of tangency.

Figure A Figure B
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Geometric Constraints
Concentric - Circles or arcs that share the same center
point.

These circles and the arcs share the same

center point.

Coincident - Points that share the same location

on the coordinate plane. Points may also be parts
of arcs or curves.

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Geometric Constraints
Collinear - Lines that if projected at each other will
become the same line.

Collinear lines

Coplanar - Two or more objects that sit in the same

plane.
Fixed Point - A point that has been forced to stay in
one location in space.
Equal - Two or more lines, arcs, or circles that are given
the same magnitude. Back to Contents

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 How to present
geometric details?
 Projection Methods
Four widely used methods of projection
• Perspective (convergent) projection
• Axonometric projection
• Oblique projection
• Orthographic (parallel) projection
 Perspective Projection
• Perspective (convergent) projection –
The projection on a picture plane from a
single view point at a specific viewing
direction. It is mostly used in graphic
presentations but not for engineering
drawings.
 Perspective Projection

View Point
Viewing Direction

Projection Plane
Object
 Axonometric projection
• Axonometric projection. – All three
principal planes of the object are
inclined to the plane of projection.
 Oblique projection
• Oblique projection - Viewing direction
is at a angle to the three principal
planes of the object
 Orthographic (parallel)
projection
• Orthographic (parallel) projection – The
viewing direction is consistent with a
principal plane of the object.
 Orthographic Projection
• The word Orthographic means 'to draw
at right angles'. Hence orthographic
projection is a means of visualising an
object by projecting its edges at right
angles onto the projection plane.
• In practice, orthographic projection uses
two main planes, called the principal
planes of projection
 Planes of Projection
Orthographic Projection has three principal
planes of projection:
• Front View - Frontal Projection
• Top View - Horizontal Projection
• Side View - Profile Projection
Planes of Projection
Planes of Projection
 Revolution of
Planes of Projection
Projections on Paper
 Orthographic Projection
In engineering, there are two systems of
projection:
– First Angle Projection - looking on the far
side of an adjacent view
– Third Angle Projection - looking on the
near side of an adjacent view
First Angle Projection
Third Angle Projection
First Angle Projection
Third Angle Projection
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