Laboratory Activity

No. 9
CHEMICAL BONDS
INTRODUCTION
 Introduction:

There are many types of chemical bonds and forces

that bind molecules together. The two most basic types
of bonds are characterized as either ionic or covalent.
Ionic bonding is the complete transfer of valence
electron(s) between atoms. It is a type of chemical bond
that generates two oppositely charged ions. In ionic
bonds, the metal loses electrons to become a positively
charged cation, whereas the non-metal accepts those
electrons to become a negatively charged anion.
 Introduction:

In ionic bonding, more than 1 electron can be

donated or received to satisfy the octet rule. By losing
electrons metals can achieve a noble gas configuration
and satisfy the octet rule. Similarly, non-metals that have
close to 8 electrons in their valence shells, tend to accept
electrons to achieve noble gas configuration. The charges
on the anion and cation correspond to the number of
electrons donated or received. In ionic bonds, the net
charge of a compound must be zero.
 Introduction:

Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share

electrons (instead of gaining or losing them) to become
steadier. Covalent bonding involves bonding between
non-metals and/or metalloids. When atoms share one,
two or three pairs of electrons between themselves, it
results in single, double or triple bonds respectively.
Covalent bonds can further be classified into polar
covalent bonds and non-polar covalent bonds.
 Introduction:

Polar covalent bonding shows unequal sharing of

electrons between two atoms. Non-polar covalent
bonds form a molecule by equally sharing electrons.
LABORATORY ACTIVITY PROPER
Activity 9.1: Differences between ionic and covalent bond

Materials:
 Distilled water  Sugar
 Alcohol lamp  Candle wax
 Metal spoon  Salt (sodium chloride)
 Match  Test tube
 Vetsin  Test tube rack
(monosodium  Medicine dropper
glutamate)
Activity 9.1: Differences between ionic and covalent bond
Procedures Observation
1. Get a pinch of salt, place it in a
spoon and heat using alcohol
lamp for 1 minute.
2. Repeat the procedure for
vetsin, sugar and candle wax.
3. Write your observations.
4. Transfer a pinch of each sample
into test tubes. Add distilled water
approximately half of the test
tube. Shake and observe.
Observation:
Salt - a pinch of salt popped and turn into smaller
when it is heated.
Vetsin - a pinch of vetsin melts and turned into liquid
- it also produces unpleasant odor
Sugar - a pinch of sugar melts and it bubbles
- it also change color, it turned black and then it
fired when it is heated
Candle wax – a pinch of candle wax melts and it
turned into liquid
- it also fired when it is heated
Observation:

Salt – Dissolves in Water

Vetsin – Dissolves in Water
Sugar – Dissolves in Water
Candle Wax – Does Not Dissolve in Water
Observation:
What type of compound:
a. dissolves in water – Salt, Vetsin, Sugar
b. melts easily – Candle Wax, Sugar, Vetsin

What common properties did you observe in this

activity?
Reaction to Heat, Solubility in Water, Changing of
Color
Activity 9.2: Electrical conductivity

Materials:
 Distilled water  Table sugar, C12H22O11
 Vetsin  Candle wax
(monosodium  Sodium chloride NaCl
glutamate)  Test tube (4)
 Conductivity  Test tube rack
apparatus
Activity 9.2: Electrical conductivity
Procedure Observation
1. Measure 3.0 g of each sample.
2. Transfer the samples into
individual test tubes. Add 5 mL of
distilled water. Shake.
3. Write your observations.
4. Test the conductivity of the
compound with distilled water.
5. Write your observations.
Observation:

Salt – It is conductive.
+0.3
Vetsin – It is conductive.
+0.2
Sugar – It is not so conductive.
+0.1
Candle Wax – It is not so conductive.
+0.1
Observation:
What type of compound conducts electricity in solution?
Ionic Compounds (Salt and Vetsin)

Explain why salt and vetsin can conduct electricity in

solution.
Salt and vetsin can conduct electricity in solution
because they are ionic compounds. Ionic compounds
are known to be a good conductor when in solution.
These solution are called electrolytes.
Complete the table:
Compound Reaction to Solubility in Conductivity Type of
heat water (conductive compound
(melts easily or (insoluble or or not) (ionic or
not) soluble covalent)
Salt Not Soluble Conductive Ionic

Vetsin Melts Easily Soluble Conductive Ionic

Sugar Melts Easily Soluble Not Covalent

Wax Melts Easily Insoluble Not Covalent

Activity 9.3: VSEPR Lab

Materials:
 Ball and stick  4 ball ( 1 hole)
model  4 white sticks
 Ball (4 holes)  2 white oval sticks
 2 balls ( 3 holes)
Activity 9.3: VSEPR Lab
Procedure Observation
1. Using ball-and-stick models, build a model of each of the
assigned molecules (see table below). Observe octet rule
and its exemptions.
2. Choose the ball with number of holes for the central
atom corresponding to the number of electron domains.
3. Use single bonds (white sticks) or multiple bonds (violet
sticks) as necessary.
4. Use lone pairs (oval white sticks) to show the presence of
lone pairs.
5. Draw a sketch of each model then complete the
remaining entries in your data table.
Observation:

NH3 – It’s molecular shape is trigonal pyramidal.

BH3 – It’s molecular shape is trigonal planar.
SO2 – It has a bent molecular shape.
Cl2 – It has a linear molecular shape.
H2O – It has a bent molecular shape.
HF – It has a linear molecular shape.
C2H4 – It’s molecular shape is trigonal planar.
Observation:

Explain VSEPR theory in your own words.

VSEPR theory means Valence Shell Electron Pair
Repulsion theory. It is a theory that is used to predict
the geometric shape of molecules from the number of
electron pairs surrounding their central atoms.
Thank you!