Cellular

Division
1
 Cell Division
All cells are derived from pre-
existing cells
New cells are produced for
growth and to replace damaged or
old cells
Differs in prokaryotes (bacteria)
and eukaryotes (protists, fungi,
plants, & animals)
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Identical Daughter Cells

Two
identical
daughter
cells

Parent Cell

3
Chromosomes

4
Chromosomes in Dividing Cells
Duplicated
chromosomes are
called
chromatids &
are held
together by the
centromere

Called Sister Chromatids 11

Cell Reproduction

6
 Types of Cell Reproduction
Asexual reproduction involves a
single cell dividing to make 2 new,
identical daughter cells
Mitosis & binary fission are
examples of asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction involves two
cells (egg & sperm) joining to make a
new cell (zygote) that is NOT
identical to the original cells
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Cell Division in
Prokaryotes

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 Cell Division in Prokaryotes
 Prokaryotes such as
Parent
bacteria divide into 2 cell
identical cells by the
process of binary
fission Chromosome
relicates
 Single chromosome
makes a copy of
itself Cell splits

 Cell wall forms

between the
chromosomes dividing
the cell 2 identical daughter cells 17
The Cell
Cycle
10
Five Phases of the Cell Cycle

G1 - primary growth phase

S – synthesis; DNA replicated
G2 - secondary growth phase
collectively these 3 stages are
called interphase
M - mitosis
C - cytokinesis
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Cell Cycle

12
Interphase - G1 Stage

1st growth stage after cell

division
Cells mature by making more
cytoplasm & organelles
Cell carries on its normal
metabolic activities

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 Interphase – S Stage
Synthesis stage
DNA is copied or replicated

Two
identical
copies
of DNA

Original
DNA
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 Interphase – G2 Stage
2nd Growth Stage
Occurs after DNA has been copied
All cell structures needed for
division are made (e.g. centrioles)
Both organelles & proteins are
synthesized

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What’s Happening in Interphase?

What the cell looks like

Animal Cell

What’s occurring

16
 Sketch the Cell Cycle

DNA Copied
Cells prepare for
Cells Division
Mature

Daughter
Cells
Cell Divides into
Identical cells
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Mitosis

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 Mitosis
Division of the
nucleus
Also called
karyokinesis
Only occurs in
eukaryotes
Has four stages
Doesn’t occur in
some cells such
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 Four Mitotic Stages

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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 Prophase
Chromatin in nucleus condenses to
form visible chromosomes
Mitotic spindle forms from fibers in
cytoskeleton
keleton or centrioles (animal)
(ani
Nucleolus Cytoplasm

Nuclear Membrane
Chromosomes

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 Spindle Fiber attached to
Chromosome

Kinetochore Fiber

Chromosome
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 Spindle Fibers
 The mitotic spindle form from the
microtubules in plants and centrioles in
animal cells
 Polar fibers extend from one pole of
the cell to the opposite pole
 Kinetochore fibers extend from the
pole to the centromere of the
chromosome to which they attach
 Asters are short fibers radiating from
centrioles
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Sketch The Spindle

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 Metaphase
Chromosomes, attached to the
kinetochore fibers, move to the center
of the cell
Chromosomes are now lined up at the
Equator of Cell
equator

Pole of
the Cell

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 Metaphase

Asters at
the poles

Spindle Chromosomes
Fibers lined at the
Equator

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 Metaphase

Aster

Chromosomes at Equator
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 Anaphase
Occurs rapidly
Sister
chromatids are
pulled apart to
opposite poles
of the cell by
kinetochore
fibers
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 Anaphase

Sister
Chromatids
being
separated

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 Telophase
Sister chromatids at opposite poles
Spindle disassembles
Nuclear envelope forms around each
set of sister chromatids
Nucleolus reappears
CYTOKINESIS occurs
Chromosomes reappear as
chromatin
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Comparison of Anaphase & Telophase

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 Cytokinesis
Means division of the cytoplasm
Division of cell into two,
identical halves called daughter
cells
In plant cells, cell plate forms
at the equator to divide cell
In animal cells, cleavage furrow
forms to split cell
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 Cytokinesis
Cleavage furrow Cell plate in plant
in animal cell cell

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Mitotic Stages

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 Daughter Cells of Mitosis
Have the same number of
chromosomes as each other and as
the parent cell from which they
were formed
Identical to each other, but smaller
than parent cell
Must grow in size to become mature
cells (G1 of Interphase)
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 Identical Daughter Cells

What is the
2n or
diploid
number?
2

Chromosome number the same, but cells

smaller than parent cell

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 Eukaryotic Cell Division
 Used for growth and
repair
 Produce two new cells
identical to the original Chromosomes during
cell Metaphase of mitosis

 are diploid (2n)

CCelellss oi )

Cytokinesis
Telophase

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase 37

 Locate the Four Mitotic
Stages in Plants

Anaphase
Telophase
Metaphase

Prophase

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 Uncontrolled Mitosis
 If mitosis is not
controlled, unlimited
cell division occurs
causing cancerous
tumors
 Oncogenes are special
proteins that
increase the chance
that a normal cell
develops into a tumor
cell
Cancer cells
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 Meiosis
Formation of Gametes
(Eggs & Sperm)

40
 Facts About Meiosis
Preceded by interphase which
includes chromosome replication
Two meiotic divisions --- Meiosis
I and Meiosis II
Called Reduction- division
Original cell is diploid (2n)
Four daughter cells produced that
are monoploid (1n) 41
 Facts About Meiosis
Daughter cells contain half the
number of chromosomes as the
original cell
Produces gametes (eggs & sperm)
Occurs in the testes in males
(Spermatogenesis)
Occurs in the ovaries in females
(Oogenesis)
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 More Meiosis Facts
Start with 46 double stranded
chromosomes (2n)
After 1 division - 23 double stranded
chromosomes (n)
After 2nd division - 23 single
stranded chromosomes (n)
Occurs in our germ cells that
produce gametes

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Why Do we Need Meiosis?
It is the fundamental basis of
sexual reproduction
Two haploid (1n) gametes are
brought together through
fertilization to form a diploid
(2n) zygote

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Fertilization – “Putting it
all together”
2n = 6

1n =3

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 Replication of Chromosomes
Replication is the
process of
duplicating a Occurs in
Interphase
chromosome
Occurs prior to
division
Replicated copies
are called sister
chromatids
Held together at
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 A Replicated Chromosome

Gene X

Homologs Sister
(same genes, different Chromatids
alleles) (same genes,
same alleles)

Homologs separate in meiosis I and therefore

different alleles separate.
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 Meiosis: Two Part Cell
Division
Sister
chromatids
Homologs separate
separate

Meiosis Meiosis
I II

Diploid
Diploid
Haploid
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 Meiosis I: Reduction Division

Nucleus Spindle
fibers Nuclear
Early envelope
Prophase I Late Metaphase
(Chromosome Prophase I Anaphase Telophase I
number I I (diploid)
doubled)
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 Prophase I

Early prophase Late prophase

Homologs pair. Chromosomes condense.
Crossing over Spindle forms.
occurs. Nuclear envelope
fragments.
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Tetrads Form in Prophase I

Homologous chromosomes
Join to form a
(each with sister chromatids) TETRAD

Called Synapsis
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 Crossing-Over
 Homologous
chromosomes in a
tetrad cross over
each other
 Pieces of
chromosomes or
genes are
exchanged
 Produces Genetic
recombination in
the offspring

79
Homologous Chromosomes
During Crossing-Over

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 Crossing-Over

Crossing-over multiplies the already huge

number of different gamete types produced
by independent assortment 81
Metaphase I

Homologous pairs
of chromosomes
align along the
equator of the
cell

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Anaphase I

Homologs separate and

move to opposite poles.

Sister chromatids remain

attached at their
centromeres.

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Telophase I

Nuclear envelopes
reassemble.

Spindle disappears.

Cytokinesis divides cell into

two.

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 Meiosis II
Gene X
Only one homolog of each
chromosome is present in
the cell.
Sister chromatids carry
identical genetic
information.

Meiosis II produces gametes with

one copy of each chromosome and
thus one copy of each gene.
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 Meiosis II: Reducing
Chromosome Number

Prophase Metaphase
II Telophase
II
Anaphase II 4 Identical
II haploid cells

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Prophase II

Nuclear envelope
fragments.

Spindle forms.

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Metaphase II

Chromosomes align
along equator of cell.

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 Anaphase II
Equator

Pole

Sister chromatids
separate and move
to opposite poles.

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Telophase II

Nuclear envelope
assembles.

Chromosomes
decondense.

Spindle disappears.

Cytokinesis divides
cell into two.
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Results of Meiosis
Gametes (egg & sperm)
form

Four haploid cells with one

copy of each chromosome

One allele of each gene

Different combinations of
alleles for different genes
along the chromosome

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Comparing
Mitosis and
Meiosis

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 Comparison of Divisions
Mitosis Meiosis
Number of 2
1
divisions
Number of
2 4
daughter cells
Genetically
Yes No
identical?
Chromosome # Same as parent Half of parent
Where Somatic cells Germ cells
When Throughout life At sexual maturity

Role Growth and repair Sexual reproduction

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