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Fiber Optics Cable
Fiber Optics Cable
Fiber Optics Cable
BY
G.D.QURAISHI
www.anritsu.com
1
www.fujikura.co.jp www.aeroflex.com
Training Agenda
History of Fiber Optics
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History of Fiber Optics
The Guided Transmission of Light by John Tyndall
in 1870
Light followed a zigzag path inside the curved
path
of the water
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History of Fiber Optics
During the 1950’s Fiberscope was developed by Brian
O’Brian and Narinder Kapany (Coined the Term Fiber
Optics in 1956 )
Fiberscope found applications in inspecting welds inside
reactor vessels and Jet Engines and in the medical field.
Semiconductor Lasers were realized in 1962 which are
widely used in Fiber Optics
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History of Fiber Optics
Initially 850nm is widely used due to easily available
Light emitter ’s and low cost silicon detectors
Later Second window
at 1310 nm and Third
window at 1550nm
were developed.
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History of Fiber Optics
In 1977 ,AT& T and GTE installed Fiber Optic
telephone systems in Chicago and Boston respectively
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What Is Fiber Optics?
Fiber Optics are Long thin Strands of Pure Glass about
the Diameter of a Human Hair.They are arranged in
bundles called Optical Cables and used to transmit Light
Signals Over Long Distances.
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Parts of Fiber Optic Cable
Core
- Usually Glass
- Carries the Light signal
Cladding
- Keeps the Light within
the Core
Buffer Coating
- Protective Coating
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Parts of Fiber Optic Cable
Snell’s law which states that the angle at which
light is is reflected depend on the refractive indices
Of two materials- core and cladding. The lower
refractive index of cladding(w.r.t core) causes the
light to be angled back into the core.
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Fiber Size
Measured in Microns
( One millionth of a Meter)
Human Hair = 85 m
b a
Core
Cladding
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Fiber Size
Core
Cladding
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Structure
Structure of the Fiber determines how light
Travels through it - Modes
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Structure
Structure of the Fiber determines how light
Travels through it - Modes
Multimode Fiber :
Multiple paths
Through the Fiber
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Structure
Structure of the Fiber determines how light
Travels through it - Modes
Multimode Fiber :
Multiple paths
Through the Fiber
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Numerical Aperture
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Single Mode vs Multi Mode
Single Mode
Multi Mode
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Typical Attenuation Values
Cable
• Single Mode – 9 m
» 0.5 db/km @ 1310 nm
» 0.2 db/km @ 1550 nm
• Multi Mode – 62.5 m
» 1.5 db/km @ 1300 nm
» 3.5 db/km @ 850 nm
Large Core – 200 m
» 6-8 db/km @ 850 nm
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Bandwidth
Bandwidth is the amount of information
that a Fiber can carry
Specified in Mhz/km
Datacom Fiber — 500 Mhz/km
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Optical Fiber Comparision
Multi Mode Single
Light
Mode
LED/ILD ILD
Source
Bandwidth >1 Ghz/km Up to 1000
Ghz/Km
Wavelength 850,1300 nm 1310,1550 nm
Core/ 62.5/125 m 9/125 m
Cladding 50/125 m
Applications LAN Long Distance,
Telecom Lines
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Fiber Optic Splice
Fiber Optic Splice is a permanent fiber joint whose
Purpose is to establish optical connection between two
Individual optical fibers.
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Splicing Categories
Mechanical Splice : It is a fiber Splice where mechanical
Fixtures and material perform Fiber alignment and
connection.
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Arc Fusion Splicer
Arc Fusion Splicer uses Arc Fusion Technique.Arc
Fusion involves the discharge of electric current across
a gap between two electrodes.By placing the Fiber ends
between the electrodes,the electric discharge melts or
fuses the ends of each fiber.
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Factors affecting splice loss in
Fusion Splicer
Cleave Angle
Quality of two end faces of fiber
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Prefusion
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FSM 50S Fusion Splicer
Portability
Dimensions(in mm) : 150 X 150 X 150
Weight :2.8 Kg(including AC Adapter)
Splicing Performance
Splicing Time – 9 Sec
Heating Time --- 35 Sec
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FSM 50S Features
Usability
Dual-directional Operating System
Built-in 5.6 inch TFT LCD Monitor
Real Time Arc Calibration
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FSM 50S Features
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Operation of Fusion Splicer
Insert the Sleeve into the Fiber
Strip the Fiber to appropriate Length
Clean the Fiber with Alcohol Swabs
Cleaver
Place the Fiber in the Cleaver using grid to position it.
Align the Fiber to the Proper Length.
Press the Cleaver arm gently.
Safely discard the Fiber Scrap
Load Splicer
Position the Fiber near Electrodes thru V-grooves.
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Operation of Fusion Splicer
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Operation of Fusion Splicer
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Double click on the splice screen to
View the Splicing
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Alignment of the Fiber
Passive Alignment(Fixed V Groove)
Z Alignment
Active Alignment
X(horizontal),Y(Vertical),Z Alignment
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Environmental Factors affecting Splice
Cold and Hot Temperatures
Humidity affects MM Splicing.Reduce Fusion
Current if necessary
Electrodes are affected by humidity.Check them often in
Humid Conditions
Splicing at Higher altitudes requires higher fusion current.
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Fiber Optic System Components
Transmitters
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Fiber Optic System Components
+
+_ _
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Basic Fiber Optic Link
Splices or
Connectors
Tx Rx
Laser or PD
LED
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Transmitters
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Transmitters
Power
+10 dbm
-20
dbm
50-100 nm 1-10 nm
Spectral Width
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Common Fiber Optic Test Tools
Fiber Scopes
Visual fault finders
Optical Power meters
Optical Light Source
Optical Loss sets
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Fiber Scopes
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Visual Fault Finders
Visual Fault Finders transmits a visible laser light
wave through the fiber to see a break by light leaking
through the shield
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Optical Power Meters
Optical Power Meter is used to measure the loss
or attenuation of the entire Fiber system including
bends,splices and connectors between two points
Excessive power loss can indicate bad splices,broken
fiber and poor connections.
Measurement cannot reveal the location of the problem
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Optical Sources
Optical Sources are stable light sources used
in conjunction with power meters to perform
system loss measurements.
Optical sources are available in all common
wavelengths and power output level is more
stable than transmitters.
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Optical Loss Test Sets
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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
Components of OTDR
Laser
Display coupler
Processor
Detector
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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
Processor
It sets up the magnitude ,duration and timing of light
pulses from laser into the fiber,captures the returned
energy and displays the reflected signal amplitude
versus time
Laser
It produces a light at a specific wavelength compatible with
fiber under test
Coupler
It directs outgoing light pulses to the fiber and reflected
light pulses to the detector
Detector
It is light receiver that quantifies the power characteristics
of the return signal
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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
Backscatter
The portion of scattered light that travels in the opposition
direction of signal
OTDR measures the backscatter that has been reflected
to the laser and uses it to generate the trace display on the
screen
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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
Fresnel Reflections
Light reflected from a glass air boundary causes a spike
to appear on trace
Glass air boundaries from connectors,mechanical splices
can also cause fresnel reflections.
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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
Reflectance
Reflectance(return loss) for a reflective event is defined
as ratio of reflected power to input power in db.
Typical values range from –20 db to –50 db
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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
Return Loss of Connectors on OTDR Trace
Angled PC--- -60 to –70db
Super PC------ -45db
PC---- -35db
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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
Fusion Splices
It can produce any three results on OTDR Screen.
loss,no change or gainers.
When fibers with different properties are fused,the
variations in scattering coefficient can cause
gainers
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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
Bends
Losses from bends increases substantially with
increase in wavelength
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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
Micro bends
They are very small distortions in the Fiber.They
are caused due to manufacturing defects
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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
Macro bend
Loss due to physical bend or stress
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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
Trace of common Fiber Events
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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
Event Dead Zone
The minimum distance after an event that the OTDR
can accurately measure the next reflective event is
called dead zone
Narrow pulses produces shorter dead zones
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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
Attenuation Dead Zone
Minimum distance after an event that the OTDR
can measure the loss due to non reflective event
such as splice
Loss dead zone relates to effect of the reflected
pulse on the OTDR detector
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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
Dynamic Range
It is measure of the strength of the back scatter
signal at front panel compared to noise floor
It determines how long a fiber the OTDR can test
and how well it can detect low loss events in the
presence of noise
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Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
Connectors
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Optical Link Loss Budget
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Thank you
Branch Office:
EEMCO
P.O.Box 30170
Al Khobar 31952
Tel : (03) 8870218
Fax : (01) 8870268
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