Engineering Drawing as Universal

language
• Drawing is meant for communicating the ideas,
thoughts and designs to others. Engineering
drawing is a starting point of all engineering
branches such as Mechanical, Production, Civil,
Electrical, Electronics, Computer science,
Chemical etc.
• Engineering drawing has its own grammar in the
theory of projections, its idioms in conventional
practices, its punctuations in the types of lines, its
abbreviations, symbols and its descriptions in the
constructions and is universally accepted.
Purpose of sectioning an object
• A section view is a view used on a drawing to
show an area or hidden part of an object by
cutting away or removing some of that object.

• Sectional views are an important aspect of

design and documentation since it is used to
improve clarity and reveal interior features of
parts.
 Rules to be followed while
dimensioning
• 1)Every dimension must be given, but no single
dimension should be repeated.
• 2) Dimensions should be placed outside the
views.
• 3) Avoid dimensioning to hidden lines wherever
possible.
• 4) Dimension lines should not cross any other line
of the drawing.
• 5) Aligned system of dimensioning is
recommended.
 Two systems of dimensioning
• Aligned System
• In the aligned system, dimensions are aligned with the
entity being measured. They are placed such that they
may be read from the bottom or right-hand side of the
drawing sheet. Dimensions are placed at the middle
and on top of the dimension lines.

• Unidirectional System
• In the unidirectional system, dimensions are placed in
such a way that they can be read from the bottom
edge of the drawing sheet. Dimensions are inserted by
breaking the dimension lines at the middle.
 Aligned system Unidirectional system

(readable from bottom and (visible from bottom edge)

right edge of sheet)
Orthographic views
Why second and fourth angle of projections are not
followed in practice
• In 1st angle projection the front view will be in
the top of the xy plane and the top view will be in
the bottom of the xy plane
.In 3rd angle projection the top view will be in the
top of the xy plane and front view will be in
bottom of the xy plane. This will give a clear view.
• But in 2 angle projection both the views(front
and top) will be in the top of the xy plane and in
4th angle projection both the views (front and
top) will be in the bottom of the xy plane... since
both the views will be in one side of the xy plane,
both views will merge and will overlap.
 profile plan
• In multi-view drawings, the right side view is
the standard side view used and is illustrated
in figure . The right side view of an object
shows the depth and the height dimensions.
The right side view is projected onto the
profile plane of projection, which is a plane
that is parallel to the right side of the object.
 Trace of a line
• The trace of a line is defined as a point at which the given
line, if produced, meets or intersects a plane.
• When a line meets HP, (or if necessary on the extended
portion-of HP), the point at which the line meets or
intersects the horizontal plane, is called horizontal trace
(HT)of the line and denoted by the letter H.
• When a line meets VP (or if necessary on the extended
portion of VP), the point at which the line meets or
intersects the vertical plane, is called vertical trace (VT) of
the line and denoted by the letter V.
• When the line is parallel to both HP and VP, there will be no
traces on the said planes. Therefore the traces of lines are
determined in the following positions of the lines.
 Possible orientations of the planes,
with respect to the principal planes of
projection.

• Plane parallel to HP and Perp to VP

• Plane parallel to VP and Perp to HP
• Plane Inclined to HP and Perp to VP
• Plane Inclined to VP and perp to HP
• Plane inclined to both HP and VP.