Training of Trainers for Grade 10 of the

K to 12 Enhanced Basic Education

Program
April 27 – May 2, 2015
(Luzon Cluster)
 Outline of Presentation

Spiraling of concepts
Module 2 Competencies
Module 2 activities
Activity 2: Now you go! Now you
won’t!
Discussion
Essential Characteristics of Science
Inquiry
 In Grade 7

EM spectrum consists of various types of waves.

The higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength.
High energy EM waves have high frequency and short wavelengths.
 In Grade 8

visible light

The arrangement of colors of light shows the

Light is composed of different colors.
hierarchy of the colors’ corresponding energy.
 In Grade 10

Applications of the
different EM waves

Image Credit:
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/toolbox/emspectrum1.html
 Sample Pre-assessment
TRUE OR FALSE:
1.Electromagnetic waves carry energy.
2.An electromagnetic wave is a
longitudinal wave.
3.Electromagnetic waves can travel in an
empty space.
4. Sound waves are electromagnetic
waves.
5. Different colors of light have the same
amount of energy.
 Competencies
The learners should be able to:
 compare the relative wavelengths of
different forms of electromagnetic radiation
 explain uses of the different forms of EM
radiation
 create models on how materials react to EM
radiation other than light (e.g. glass is
opaque to some UV rays)
 explain the effects of EM radiation to living
things
 Activities in Module 2
1. How it came about… [Contribution of
different scientist]
2. Now you go! Now you won’t! [Materials
that allow/block EM waves]
3. Sound check…[Producing and detecting
radio waves]
4. Then there was sound… [Parts of a radio
transmitter and receiver]
5. It’s getting hotter [About infrared
radiation]
6. Screen the UV out [About UV radiation]
 Activity 1: How it came about…
OMG! The compass needle
move near the current-
carrying wire. This shows
electric current creates
magnetic field.
Hey Hans, the opposite
could be true! A
changing magnetic field
produces an electric
field.

You both got it right! An

Michael Faraday
electromagnetic wave exists 1791-1867
Hans Christian Oersted when the changing magnetic
1777-1851
field causes a changing
electric field, which then
You got it right causes another changing
Maxwell. I proved magnetic field, and so on.
the existence of EM
waves!

Image credit:
http://soulconnection.net/glossary_in_depth/maxwell.html
http://www.rare-earth-magnets.com/hans-christian-oersted/
Heinrich Hertz http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday James Clerk Maxwell
1857-1894 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz
1831-1879
 A moving charge creates  A changing magnetic
magnetic field. field causes a changing
electric field.

Image credit: Image credit:

http://www.school-for- http://electrical4u.com/faraday-law-of-
champions.com/science/magnetic_field_mo electromagnetic-induction/
ving_charges.htm#.VThZiyaKCM8
 The successive production of electric and
magnetic field results to the creation EM wave.
 An EM wave propagates outward from the
source.

Image credit:
http://www.astronomynotes.com/light/s2.htm
 The electric and magnetic fields vibrate at right angles
to the direction the wave travels so it is a transverse
wave.

Image credit:
http://www.astronomynotes.com/light/s2.htm
 The modern
understanding
of light and
color begins
with Isaac
Newton.

Image credit:
http://www.webexhibits.org/colorart/bh.html

Newton set up a prism near his window,

and projected a beautiful spectrum 22
feet onto the far wall. Further, to prove
that the prism was not coloring the light,
he refracted the light back together.
Image Credit:
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/tool
box/emspectrum1.html
 Frederick William
Herschel
(1738 - 1822)

Image credit:
http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltec
h.edu/cosmic_classroom/ir_tu
torial/discovery.html

In 1800 he performed a famous experiment

where he tried to measure the temperature of
different colours of the spectrum by placing a
thermometer on each colour. He found to his
amazement that the hottest part of the
spectrum was in a place where there was no
colour at all. It was a spot beyond the red end
of the spectrum. For the first time it was
possible to talk about invisible light. This hot
light became known as Infra Red (below the
red) because it was shown to have longer
wavelength than visible light.
Image Credit: [http://www.krysstal.com/spectrum.html]
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/toolbox/
emspectrum1.html
 Johann Wilhelm Ritter
(1776 - 1810)

Image credit:
http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/c
osmic_classroom/classroom_activities
/ritter_bio.html

In chemistry at that time there was a rumour that blue

light was more efficient at initiating chemical change
than red light. Ritter tried to measure the speed at
which silver chloride broke down with different
colours. He proved that blue light was indeed more
efficient that red light. He was amazed, however, that
the most vigorous reactions took place in the region
beyond the violet where nothing could be seen.
This new radiation was originally called Chemical
Rays but is now called Ultra Violet (beyond the
violet). Ultra Violet differs from visible light only in its
wavelength which is shorter.
Image Credit: [http://www.krysstal.com/spectrum.html]
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/toolbox/
emspectrum1.html
 Heinrich Rudolf Hertz
(1857 - 1894)

Image credit:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Heinrich_Hertz

He set up electric circuits that produced

oscillations and managed to produce
electromagnetic radiation with a
wavelength of 66cm (over a million times
longer than light). This radiation could be
picked up by other circuits set up quite a
distance away. The new radiation was first
called Hertzian Waves; this became
Radiotelegraphic Waves after Marconi.
We now call them Radio Waves.
[http://www.krysstal.com/spectrum.html]
Image Credit:
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/toolbox/
emspectrum1.html
 Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson

The scientists discovered the cosmic

microwave background radiation. This
radiation, which fills the entire Universe,
is believed to be a clue to it's beginning,
something known as the Big Bang.

Perry Spencer (1894 - 1970) invented

the microwave oven
In 1945, Percy Spencer was experimenting with a new
vacuum tube called a magnetron while doing
research for the Raytheon Corporation. He was
intrigued when the candy bar in his pocket began to
melt, so he tried another experiment with popcorn.
When it began to pop, Spencer immediately saw the
potential in this revolutionary process. In 1947,
Raytheon built the first microwave oven, the
Radarange.
[http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/scientific-experiments/9-
things-invented-or-discovered-by-accident2.htm]
Image Credit:
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/toolbox/
emspectrum1.html
 Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
(1845 - 1923)

Image credit:
http://www.two-views.com/article_Rontgen.html

On the night of 5 November 1895, he noticed a glow

coming from a chemical called barium
platinocyanide. This chemical glowed whenever the
tube was on, even if he put cardboard between it and
the tube.
Roentgen went on to show that the glow was caused
by a highly penetrating but invisible radiation given
off by the tube. It passed through paper, thin sheets of
metal, flesh. It could ionise gases and had wave
properties like light but only much shorter
wavelengths.
The new radiation was called X-Rays because of their
mysterious properties. Roentgen refused to patent the
discovery or make any financial gain out of it but he
was awarded the first ever Nobel Prize for Physics.
[http://www.krysstal.com/spectrum.html]
Image Credit:
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/toolbox/
emspectrum1.html
 Paul Ulrich Villard
(1860 - 1934)

Image credit:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ulrich_Villard

Villard discovered gamma radiation in 1900, while

studying radiation emitted from radium. Villard knew
that his described radiation was more powerful than
previously described types of rays from radium,
which included beta rays, first noted as "radioactivity"
by Henri Becquerel in 1896, and alpha rays,
discovered as a less penetrating form of radiation by
Rutherford, in 1899. However, Villard did not consider
naming them as a different fundamental type. Villard's
radiation was recognized as being of a type
fundamentally different from previously named rays,
by Ernest Rutherford, who in 1903 named Villard's
rays "gamma rays" by analogy with the beta and
Image Credit: alpha rays that Rutherford had differentiated in 1899.
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/toolbox/ [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray]
emspectrum1.html
EM spectrum is a continuum of EM waves arranged according to
frequency and wavelength.

It shows a gradual progression from the waves of lowest frequency

to the waves of highest frequency or vice versa.

The different EM waves do not have exact dividing region.

 Module 2: Electromagnetic Spectrum

Motivation:
Call me maybe

Hey I just met you

And this is crazy
But here's my number (insert number here)
So call me maybe
Cell phones uses microwaves to transmit and receive
information.
Remote control of RC cars also sends a control signal
using radio waves.
 Activity 2

Now you go!

Now you won’t!
Objectives

 Identify materials that can block or allow

radio waves.

 Compare the speed of the car when the

transmitter is without cover and when it is

covered with different materials.

Questions to be investigated

What materials allow radio waves to

pass through them?

What materials block radio waves?

 Materials

colored paper aluminum foil

wax paper transparent plastic

Latex gloves kitchen paper

towel

Remote- controlled
car
Procedure

1 Test the RC car if it is working.

2 Wrap the antenna around the remote

control. Secure it with a twist-tie wire
or rubber band.
Procedure

3 Use the remote control to make the

toy car run. [The car should run in a straight
path. If not, place the car between two planks of
wood or meter sticks.]

Image of car:
http://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-photo-red-german-expensive-car-collectible-toy-
cabriolet-isolated-white-background-image40543185
Procedure

4 Choose a distance for the car to

travel on. Use a stopwatch (cell
phone) to get the time it took the car
to travel the distance. Maintain the
distance between the car and the
remote control. Press once the
“forward button” and don’t release it
until the car reached the ‘finish line’
of the distance you set.
Procedure

5 Start measuring the time it took the

car to cover the distance you set with
the remote control without cover first.
Record the time in Table 1.

6 Wrap the remote control one at a

time with the different materials.
Make sure that it is completely
covered.
Make sure you know where the
forward button is.
 The materials will be used by other group.
Please unfold them carefully after each
Materials to test: use.

The materials should be of the same size so the remote

control will be wrapped with equal thickness.
Procedure

7 Record in Table 1 the time it took the

car to cover the distance you set with
the remote control covered with
different materials.
Table 1
Material
RC car time of
covering the Observations
travel (s)
remote control

No cover

Colored Paper

Wax Paper

Kitchen paper
towel
Transparent
Plastic
Aluminum Foil

Latex gloves
 Guide Questions:
1. Which of the materials that cover the remote control allows the
radio waves to pass through? What evidence shows radio waves
pass through these materials?
2. Which of the materials that cover the remote control blocks the
radio waves? What evidence shows radio waves was blocked by
these materials?
3. What kind of materials allowed radio waves to pass through?
4. What kind of materials blocked radio waves?
5. What do the results of the activity tell about the characteristics of
radio waves?
6. Compare the time taken by the car to travel the distance you set
when the remote control was not covered to the time when the
remote control was covered with different materials. Are they the
same? What does this tell about the strength of the signal sent by
the remote control when it hits the material covering it?
 Guide Questions:
1. Which of the materials that cover the remote control allows the
radio waves to pass through? What evidence shows radio waves
pass through these materials?

colored paper kitchen paper towel Latex gloves

wax paper transparent plastic

The RC car moved.

2. Which of the materials that cover the remote control blocks the
radio waves? What evidence shows radio waves was blocked by
these materials?
aluminum foil
The RC car did not move.
 Guide Questions:
3. What kind of materials allowed EM waves to pass through?
colored paper
kitchen paper towel Paper (cellulose)
wax paper

Latex gloves Rubber (elastomers)

transparent plastic Plastic (polyethylene)

4. What kind of materials blocked EM waves?

aluminum foil Aluminum - Metallic

 Guide Questions:
5. What does the result of the activity tells about the characteristic
of radio waves?
Radio waves can be blocked by some materials.
Radio waves can pass through some materials.
6. Compare the time taken by the car to travel the distance you set
when the remote control was not covered to the time when the
remote control was covered with different materials. Are they the
same? What does this tell about the strength of the signal sent
by the remote control when it hits the material covering it?
No

The signal can be weakened by the material covering the

remote control.
 receiving antenna
(not visible outside the car) Discussion
radiowaves

transmitting
antenna

Transmitter
receiving
antenna

sends a control signal to the receiver

using radio waves

Receiver - An antenna and circuit board inside the toy receives signals from the
transmitter and activates motors inside the toy as commanded by the transmitter.
 Discussion

Transmitter:
sends a control signal to the receiver
using radio waves

Transmitter consists of several elements

Power supply: Provides the necessary that work together to generate radio
electrical power to operate the transmitter. waves that contain useful information
 Discussion
Three things happen to EM waves when it encounters a
barrier. It can bounce (reflectance or scattering), pass
through (transmittance), or just plain stop (absorbance).

Image credit:
https://sites.google.com/site/waveslightandsoundunit/03---unit-lessons/04---light-waves
 Discussion
When a radio wave reaches an obstacle, some of its energy is
absorbed and converted into another kind of energy, while another
part is attenuated and continues to propagate, and another part may be
reflected.

Attenuation is when a signal's power is reduced as it is being

transmitted.

Attenuation increases with a rise in frequency or in distance. Also,

when a signal collides with an obstacle, the
level of
attenuation depends strongly on which type of
material the obstacle is made of.
 Discussion

What is Attenuation Coefficient?

• The attenuation coefficient is the level by which a material
will block or interfere with radio waves.
• This coefficient depends heavily on the thickness and
composition of the material.
• Cardboard, paper, many plastics, water, and glass are all
substances with very low attenuation coefficients. In
addition, wood, brick, and cement have a limited effect on
making radio waves blocked.
• However, metallic compounds, steel-reinforced concrete
and the Earth reflect signals, preventing radio signals
from passing through.
Properties of media
The weakening of signal strength is largely due to the properties of the
medium that the wave is passing through. Here is a table showing attenuation
levels for different materials:

Degree of Degree of
Materials Attenuati Examples Materials Attenuati Examples
on on
air none Open space bricks medium walls

wood low Door , floor, plaster medium partitions

partition
plastic low partition paper high Rolls of paper

glass low Untinted concrete high Load-bearing

windows walls, floors
Tinted glass medium Tinted windows Bullet proof high Bullet proof
glass windows
water medium aquarium metal Very high Metal cabinet,
elevator cage
Living medium Crowds, animals,
creatures people, plants

Source:
http://en.kioskea.net/contents/832-propagation-of-radio-waves-802-11
 2 Types of matter (substance) that
affect Radio waves

Conductors Insulators
Copper
(Dielectrics)
Paper
Aluminum
Plastic
Silver Teflon
Gold Glass
Ceramic
Dry wood
If the material is metal, almost all of As the radio wave travels through the
the radio waves are reflected within dielectric material some of the energy is
the first few atoms of the material. A absorbed generating heat and some of
small amount of energy is absorbed the radio waves travel through and comes
by the silver atoms and converted to out of the other side.
heat.
 Extension Activity

Students can take the investigation further by

comparing the ability of the same materials in
blocking other EM Waves .

Non-ionizing Ionizing
radiation radiation
 Extension Activity

Students can take the investigation

further by controlling variables such
as the thickness of materials.
 5 Essential Characteristics of Scientific Inquiry

Characteristics Activity 2: Now you go! Now you won’t!

Engaging in scientifically-
What materials allow/block radio waves?
oriented questions

Gathering evidence
Observe the car if it moves or not

Infer that if the car moves, then the radio waves

emitted by the transmitter pass through the
material covering it

Infer that if the car did not move, then the radio
waves emitted by the transmitter did not pass
through the material covering it
 5 Essential Characteristics of Scientific
Inquiry

Characteristics Activity

Providing explanations based

on evidence and scientific
knowledge
Evaluating explanations
Justifying and
communicating explanations
If the material blocking the radio
wave is metal, almost all of the
EM waves are reflected.
If the material blocking the EM
wave is dielectric, some of the
EM waves are absorbed and
some are transmitted.