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Modes of Work Transfer: Manymore Needs/Happenings Are Equivalent To Displacement Work!!!
Modes of Work Transfer: Manymore Needs/Happenings Are Equivalent To Displacement Work!!!
P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
I I T Delhi
• p = p0 + k (V-V0)
• p2 = p02 + k (V-V0)2
RT a
p 2
v b v
Evolution of Wind Turbines
• Wind is a clean, safe, renewable form of energy.
• Although the use of wind power in sailing vessels appeared in
antiquity, the widespread use of wind power for grinding grain
and pumping water was delayed until
– the 7th century in Persia,
– the 12th century in England, and
– the 15th century in Holland.
• 17th century, Leibniz proposed using windmills and waterwheels
together to pump water from mines in the Harz Mountains.
• Dutch settlers brought Dutch mills to America in the 18th century.
• This led to the development of a multiblade wind turbine that was
used to pump water for livestock.
• Wind turbines were used in Denmark in 1890 to generate electric
power.
• Early in the 20th century American farms began to use wind
turbines to drive electricity generators for charging storage
batteries.
SOME TYPES OF WIND TURBINES: HAWT
SOME TYPES OF WIND TURBINES: VAWT
Schematic of Modern Wind Turbines
Wind Flow Past A Locked Wind Turbine
Work Transfer in A Wind Turbine : Control Volume
Work Transfer in a Flow Device : Control Volume
• A Centrifugal Compressor
Continuous flow system
Pressure at inlet is pi and
pressure at exist is po
always.
Fluid with Vi,Ti enters and
leaves with Vo and To.
The volume is subjected to
a changing pressure field..
V
Inlet : pi, Ti, Vi
Outlet : po, To, Vo
p
How to define the infinitesimal work?
Work Transfer in a Flow Device : Control Volume
Acquisition of Work from Constant Volume Flow Process
The Hydro Power House
Wind generation for developing countries
• Unlike the trend toward large-scale grid connected wind turbines
seen in the West.
• The more immediate demand for rural energy supply in
developing countries is for smaller machines in the 5 - 100 kW
range.
• These can be connected to small, localized micro-grid systems
and used in conjunction with diesel generating sets and/or solar
photovoltaic systems.
• The main area of growth being for very small battery charging
wind turbines (50 - 150 Watts).
• In Inner Mongolia there are over 30,000 such machines used by
herders for providing power for lighting, televisions, radios, etc.
• Other applications for small wind machines include water
pumping, telecommunications power supply and irrigation.
Polytropic work Transfer in A Flow Device
Shaft Work
Energy transmission with a rotating shaft is very
common in engineering practice.
A force F acting through a moment
arm r generates a torque T of
T Fp rs , p
.d
W T .d Fp rs , p
. dt
d d
P T. Fp rs , p
dt
Spring Work
Work Done on Elastic Solid Bars
E
s
A T ,V ,m
Law of a Nature:
Material g J/m2
• The same is true for other electrons in the rod, so the end P
will become negatively charged, leaving Q with a positive
charge.
• As a result, an electric field E builds up until the force on
electrons in the rod (unit length) due to this electric field (=
Ee) balances the force due to the magnetic field
Ee BeV
Force per unit charge on Rod of unit length:
E BV
For a rod of length L, define the EMF as :
EMF BLV
The EMF will now cause a current to flow in the external resistor R.
This means that a similar current flows through the rod itself giving a
magnetic force, BIL to the left.
Quantification of the Faraday’s Work
W2 B I L V t
1
The Pairs of Work Transfers
Giving : B × I × L ×V × t = EMF × I × t
http://tap.iop.org/fields/electromagnetism/414/page_469
48.html