Shaft Power Generation Devices - 2

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department

A List of Artificial Animals for Human Development !!!!

 Control Mass based Power Generation Systems

• Found to be best choice for vehicular applications.

• Otto cycle is best suited for light and high speed
applications.
• Diesel cycle is for high torque and low load applications.
• Not found to be good choice for electricity generation.
• Reciprocating systems are not reliable for continuous
working.
• Rotating machines (control volumes) are best suitable for
continuous working.
 Rankine & Brayton Cycles

p=constant

Process 1 2 Isentropic compression

Process 2  3 Constant pressure heat addition
Process 3  4 Isentropic expansion
Process 4  1 Constant Pressure heat rejection
Schematic of Rankine & Brayton cycles
 First Law Analysis of Cycle
 

 Q   W
 
m  Tds   m  vdp

 
W net  mh3  h2   h1  h4 
 
W net  mh3  h4   h1  h2 
 Performance Analysis
Net Power output
Efficiency of the cycle 
Rate of Heat addition


mh3  h4   h1  h2 
 W n et
  
mh3  h2 
Q in

 h4  h1 
  1   
 h3  h2 

Specific Work output  h3  h4   h1  h2 

 Variation of Brayton Cycle
Complete Expansion in turbine:

Partial Expansion in turbine to create High Velocity Jet:

 Air Standard Brayton Cycle for Power Plant

 h4  h1 
  1   
 h3  h2 

 1 Design parameter:
 p2
T2  T1    p2 
 p1  Pressure Ratio : rp   
 p1 
T2  T1 rp 
 1

T3  T4 rp 
  1

 Pressure Ratio Vs Efficiency
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
th
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 10 20 30
rp
 Pressure Ratio Vs Specific Work output

wnet

rp
GT24 (ISO 2314 : 1989)

Fuel Natural gas

Frequency 60 Hz
Gross Electrical output 187.7 MW*
Gross Electrical efficiency 36.9 %
Gross Heat rate 9251 Btu/kWh
Turbine speed 3600 rpm
Compressor pressure ratio 32:1
Exhaust gas flow 445 kg/s
Exhaust gas temperature 612 °C
NOx emissions (corr. to 15% O2,dry) < 25 vppm
Fuel Natural gas

Frequency 60 Hz

Gross Electrical output 187.7 MW*

Gross Electrical efficiency 36.9 %

Gross Heat rate 9251

9756 Btu/kWh
kJ/kWh
Turbine speed 3600 rpm

Compressor pressure ratio 32:1

Exhaust gas flow 445 kg/s

Exhaust gas temperature 612 °C

NOx emissions (corr. to 15% O2,dry) < 25 vppm

 Analysis of Siemens Gas Turbine Power Plant
• The rated net Power output = 152 MW
• Net (Irreversible) efficiency of 36.1%.
• The pressure ratio (rp) is 16:1.
• The turbine entry temperature is 12900C.
• Actual(Irreversible) exhaust temperature is 550 C.
Rankine Cycle for Low Cost Power Generation
 Simple Rankine cycle

 h4  h1 
  1   
 h3  h2 

Specific Work output, w  h3  h4   h1  h2 

Rankine Cycle for Nuclear Power Plant
Rankine Cycle for Geothermal Power Plant
Ranking Cycle for Solar Thermal Power Plant
Ranking Cycle for Biomass Thermal Power Plant
 Selection of Fluids : Thermodynamics

• The selection of working fluids and operational variables is

very important to obtain better system performance.
• The thermodynamic properties of working fluids will
affect the system efficiency, operation, and environmental
impact.
• Fluid must be selected in accordance to the temperature
level of the heat source.
• Minimum temperature difference between the source and
working fluid during heat addition (pinch point) is limiting
factor for heat transfer
Candidate Working Substances for Rankine Cycle

Working Substances must be selected

in accordance to the heat source
temperature level (Tcr < Tin-source)
 Selection of Fluids : Ecology

• Environmental impacts and restrictions by using organic

substances
• Inflamable and/or toxic and/or GWP (Global Warming
Potential) and/or ODP
• (Ozone Depletion Potential)
Optimal Design of Vapour Power Plant
pmax=10MPa
The Regenerative Cycle

3
4

3
T

24
1
5

s
Regeneration Through Closed Feed Water Heater
(Throttled Condensate)
Thermodynamic Analysis of A Power Plant
More Cycles for Exotic Needs of Urban World …….
 An Urban world that was present till the end of first
decade of the 20th century.
• Only fresh foods that could be grown locally were available,
and they had to be purchased and used on a daily basis.
• Meat was bought during the daily trip to the butcher's; the
milkman made his rounds every morning.
• If you could afford weekly deliveries of ice blocks—harvested
in the winter from frozen northern lakes—you could keep
some perishable foods around for 2 or 3 days in an icebox.
• New York was a virtual ghost town in the summer months.
• Homes were built with natural cooling in mind.
• Ceilings were high, porches were deep and shaded, and
windows were placed to take every possible advantage of
cross-ventilation
The Necessity (mother) Delivered a Dangerous Baby

• Three American corporations launched collaborative

research to develop a less dangerous method of
refrigeration; their efforts lead to the discovery of Freon.
• In just a few years, compressor refrigerators using Freon
would became the standard for almost all home kitchens.
• Only decades later, would people realize that these
chlorofluorocarbons endangered the ozone layer of the
entire planet
 Urban Life after the end of first decade of the 21st
century.

• Fresh foods of all kinds were available just about

anywhere in the country all year round.
• The milkman was all but gone and forgotten, and the
butcher now did his work behind a counter at the
supermarket.
• Indeed, many families concentrated the entire week's food
shopping into one trip to the market, stocking the
refrigerator with perishables that would last a week or
more.
• New York is a busy town in the summer months.
• Buildings are totally isolated from fresh air.
Creation of Artificial Temperature/Quality
 Performance Index
The performance of refrigerators and heat pumps is expressed in
terms of coefficient of performance (COP), defined as

Desired output Cooling effect QL

COPR   
Required input Work input Wnet ,in
Desired output Heating effect QH
COPHP   
Required input Work input Wnet ,in
Under the same operating conditions, the COPs are related by

COPHP  COPR  1
Why not use the reversed Rankine cycle for Refrigeration ?
• Very costly to expand the liquid using a turbine with very low
or negligible power output!?!
• May become negative under irreversible conditions.
• Cheaper to have irreversible expansion through an expansion
valve.
 Thermodynamics of Ideal VCR Cycle
• Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle
• Process Description
• 1-2 Isentropic compression
• 2-3 Constant pressure heat rejection in the condenser
• 3-4 Throttling in an expansion valve
• 4-1 Constant pressure heat addition in the evaporator
The P-h diagram is another convenient diagram often used to
illustrate the refrigeration cycle.
 Samsung Split A/c Model No : AQ24UUA

Cooling Capacity : 7.03kW

Power Consumption (Cooling) : 2,600Watts

Refrigerant Type R22

The refrigerant leaves the evaporator at 7.2oC

Condenser pressure : 2.71 MPa.

Heat Pump Systems
 Gas Refrigeration Systems

•The gas power cycle can be used as refrigeration cycles by

simply reversing them.
•Of these, the reversed Brayton cycle, which is also known as
the gas refrigeration cycle, is used to cool aircraft.
• Further Modification this cycle is used to obtain very low
(cryogenic) temperatures.
•The work output of the turbine can be used to reduce the
work input requirements to the compressor.
•Thus, the COP of a gas refrigeration cycle is

qL qL
COPR  
wnet , in wcomp , in  wturb , out
Air Standard Refrigeration Cycle for Aircraft
Cooling

1
Air Craft Engine Bleed for Refrigeration System
Air Craft Engine Refrigeration System
Air to Cabin
Absorption Refrigeration Systems
Compression to Absorption Refrigeration Systems
 Thermoelectric Refrigeration Systems
A refrigeration effect can also be achieved without using any moving
parts by simply passing current through a closed circuit made up of
two dissimilar materials.

This effect is called the Peltier effect, and a refrigerator that works on
this principle is called a thermoelectric refrigerator.