Thermodynamics of Phase Change from Solid to Liquid

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
I I T Delhi

A shift from cutting to casting…..

 Mathematical Definitions of Strain
• Strain is a second-order tensor related to
the displacement u of two points.
• Euler’s Tensor  for small
displacements of points(<10%)

 1 
 T
  u  u
2


• Green-Lagrange tensor  for large displacements of points:

• Define T as the tangent linear transformation of point Q in initial
configuration into a point Q’ in deformed configuration.
 
   1   
dx Q  T  dx Q     T T T  I 
2 
 Mathematical Definitions of Stress

• Stress, a second order tensor dual of the strain tensor.

• Its contracted product by the strain rate tensor is the power
involved in the manufacturing process.
• Cauchy stress tensor  for small displacements of points:

 F
 
A
 
  AF
 Equation of State in Tensor form for Solids
• A solid work piece acts as house of generation of Strain
field.
• Two independent variable the strain field are stress and
temperature.
 
  
  f  ,T ,....
 f f 
d  dT   d  ....
T   T

   f
f f d 
d  dT   d dT
T   T T 
EoS for LINEAR ELASTIC SOLIDS
Matrix form of models of linear elastic materials
 Hypoelastic Solids

• Also called as incremental elastic solids.

• Their EoS always written in an incremental form of
irreversible material equations:
  


  F   ,  , T 
 
 Plastic Solids

• Many important engineering materials (metals, polymers,

soils) will have quite different mechanical behavior when
their physical state comes on its load bearing capacity.
• The material mostly lost its elastic characteristics.
• This is called as plastic phenomena.
• The size of this plastic range depends on the internal
microstructure of the material.
  

 
  F  ,T 

 
 
 
d  G  , T d
 Melting
• Melting is a vibrational instability released when the root
mean square amplitude of vibration reaches a critical
fraction (10%) of the interatomic distance.
• Several investigators attempted to calculate the critical
temperature for different planes when this instability will
appear.
• The onset of melting of these particles is found to take
place significantly below the bulk melting point.
• This is called as Debye temperature .