Engineering Relations from Second Law

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department

An Equation to Regulate Manufacturing

Processes …..
 Industrial Use of Entropy Generation

• Entropy is negative concept emerged from negative laws.

• Low quality devices lead to high entropy generation and
vice versa.
• Cost of any operation is proportional to energy transactions
involved in the operation.
• Quality of a device is characterized by amount of entropy
generation, which cannot be directly translated into energy
transactions.
• Another qualifying parameter, which is proportional to
energy transactions with a positive nature is essential.
 Manufacturing System as a Rate Process
Q HS
in
 MF
W PP
in
 MF


H scrap
m
 scrap
h scrap

SMF
scrap
m scrap
 MF  sMF
scrap
H mat  m  hmat
Capability
mat
of Resources Utilization by a
Manufacturing Processes
S mat
m
 mat
s mat
Q MF
loss
env

H pro  m
 pro  h pro

S  m s
pro
 pro pro
 Rate Equations for Manufacturing Systems

Conservation of Mass:

dM MF
 m mat  m pro  m scrap
dt
First Law of Thermodynamics:

Q HS
in
 MF   loss
Q MF env  
m mat
 h mat

dEMF
  m scrap  h scrap  m pro  h pro  W PP
in
 MF
dt
 Entropy as A Rate Equation
• The second law of thermodynamics was used to write the
balance of entropy for a infinitesimal variation for a finite
change.
• Here the equation is needed in a rate form so that a given
process can be tracked in time.
• Take the incremental change and divide by dt.
• We get

dScm 1 dQ dS gen
 
dt T dt dt
• For a given control mass we may have more than one source of
heat transfer, each at a certain surface temperature (semi-
distributed situation).

dScm Q i dS gen
 
dt Ti dt

The rate of entropy change is due to the flux of entropy into

the control mass from heat transfer and an increase due to
irreversible processes inside the control mass.
 Entropy Rate Equation for CV

dSCV Q 
 m
 i si   m
 e se    S gen
dt T

Rate of change in entropy of a CV = Entropy in flow rate –Entropy

out flow rate + the flux of entropy into the control mass from heat
transfer + Rate of Entropy generation
 Analysis of SSSF Adiabatic Work Transfer CVs
SSSF: Conservation of mass
 
 m  min out
First Law :
  V2    V2  
 min   h  2  gz    mout   h  2  gz   W CV
 in  out
First Law :
 i i  e e gen

m s  
m s   0
S

 e e  i i gen

m s  
m s  
S

 e e  i i irr

m s  
m s  
S
 Visualization of Irreversibilities in Turbine
(Power Generating Machine)

pinlet

Ideal work ws = hin – herev

h Actual work wa = hin – heirr

pExit

s
 Process Efficiency of A Thermodynamic Device

• A device following a Reversible process will produce

maximum benefits for a specified amount of resources.
• Irreversible or actual devices generate relatively lower
magnitude of benefits.
• The level of this process irreversibility is also defined as
efficiency of a process or machine.
• Conventional thermodynamics used various such
parameters.
• For example, a machine is expected to follow an Isentropic
process. However, due to friction it may be following an
irreversible adiabatic or irreversible and heat loss process.
• This irreversibility is defined as Isentropic Efficiency.
 Isentropic Efficiency of a Device
• Isentropic efficiency is defined for a process.
• This is the ratio of actual performance to Isentropic
performance of a machine.
• For power generation machines:
• Isentropic efficiency = Actual power output/Isentropic
power output.
• For Power consuming machines:
• Isentropic efficiency = Isentropic power input/Actual
Power input.
hin  heirr
iso,turbine 
hin  herev

These definitions are case dependent and a separate definition is

to be developed for each application.
Power Consuming Device
A Generalized Model Of A Manufacturing System

Creation of Energy
Sources for
Manufacturing System

Manufacturing System

Material Processing
System

Creation of Energy
Sources for Material
Processing System
Material Processing
System Manufacturing System
 Manufacturing System as a Rate Process
Q HS
in
 MF
W PP
in
 MF

H MF
scrap
m scrap
 MF  hMF
scrap

 SMF
scrap
m scrap
 MF  sMF
scrap
H MF  mMF  hMF
mat
 mat mat

SMF
mat
m mat
 MF  sMF
mat
Q MF
loss
env


H MF  mMF  hMF
pro
 pro pro

SMF
pro
 m MF
pro
 sMF
pro
 Auxiliaries (to Manufacturing System) as a Thermodynamic
CV
Q HS
in
 MP
 in
WPP MP

H MP
scrap
m scrap
 MP  hMP
scrap


S MP  mMP  sMP
scrap
 scrap scrap

H MP
raw
m
 MP
raw
 hMp
raw

SMP
raw
m
 MP
raw
 sMp
raw Q MP
loss
env


H MP  mMP  hMP
mat
 mat mat


S  m s
mat
 mat mat
MP MP MP
 Power Plant for A Manufacturing System & Material
Processing System
H PP
exhaust
 m PP
exhaust
 hPP
exhaust

S exhaust  m exhaust  hexhaust

PP PP PP

H PP
air
 m PP
air
 hPP
air

Power Plant for


S PP  mPP  sPP
air
 air air Manufacturing System &
Material Processing System
Q PP
loss
 env
H PP
fuel
m fuel
 PP  hPP
fuel

SPP
fuel
m fuel
 PP  sPP
fuel

W PP
in
 MF W PP
in
 MP
 Heat Source for A Manufacturing System & Material
Processing System
H HS
exhaust
 m HS
exhaust
 hHS
exhaust


H HS  mHS  hHS
air
 air air

 exhaust  m exhaust  s exhaust

S
 Heat Generation Unit for HS HS HS
S HS  mHS  s HS
air
 air air
Manufacturing System &
Material Processing System

H HS  mHS  hHS
fuel
 fuel fuel Q HS
loss
 env


S HS  mHS  sHS
fuel
 fuel fuel

Q in Q HS
in
 MF
HS  MP