Evolution of I.C.

EGNINES AS AUTOMOTIVE
PRIME MOVERS

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department

Internal Combustion is an Essential Quality of

an Artificial Horse ..…
 Air-Standard Diesel cycle
Process 1 2 Isentropic compression
Process 2  3 Constant pressure heat addition
Process 3  4 Isentropic expansion
Process 4  1 Constant volume heat rejection

Qin

Cut-off ratio:
v3
rc 
v2
Qout

v2 v1
TC BC
TC BC
 Thermal Efficiency of CI Engines
rc=1
rc=2

rc=3

 Diesel

 1 1 rc  1 
 1    1  

 r  rc  1

Typical CI Engines
15 < r < 20

When rc (= v3/v2)1 the Diesel cycle efficiency approaches the

efficiency of the Otto cycle
 Coal dust injection system of Rudolph Diesel.
AIR INJ ECTION : (After U.S. patent No. 54286 of 1895.)

Hopper
Injection valve

Rotary valve
Diesel developed an engine that was more than seven times
more efficient than the (100 years evolved steam engine).
Orifice

Compressed air tank Combustion chamber

• The engine operated at 26.2% efficiency, a very significant
improvement on the 20% achieved by the best gasoline engines
of the time.
 The first Diesel engine in a workshop

The diesel engine, as it came to be known, was also more efficient

and reliable than the gasoline engine that had been invented 20 years
earlier by Diesel’s countryman, Nikolaus Otto.
 A Shift from Coal to An Waste Liquid
• 1913 : Rudolf Diesel disappears in mysterious circumstances aboard
a steam ship to London.
• His body is later found in the North Sea
• Some historians speculate that coal industry leaders murdered Diesel
because his engine blueprint was reworked to use diesel fuel.
• Diesel fuel has an interesting origin because it was ignored as
garbage for decades.
• Instead of seeing it as a valuable source of fuel, it was thrown away
as an unusable byproduct of petroleum refining for more than 40
years.
• Etymology resources cite the term diesel as first being used as an
adjective in 1894.
• The word diesel was borrowed from Rudolf Diesel’s last name
because of a revolutionary engine that he designed.
 Structure of Efficient Diesel Cycle

 Diesel

 1 1 rc  1 
 1    1  

1.35  r  rc  1 


1.3


1.25
rc  1
 rc  1
1.2 efficiency is obtained by adding less heat per cycle, Qin,
Higher
 run engine at higher speed to get the same power.
1.15
1.1
1.05
1
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
rc
 Multi Cylinder diesel engines

• 1922 Benz introduced a 2-cylinder, 30 hp 800 rpm tractor engine.

• 1924 Benz introduced a 4-cylinder, 50 hp 1000 rpm truck engine.
• 1960- 1970 Peugeot introduced the 404 Diesel followed by the
504 Diesel and the 204 Diesel, the first diesel-powered compact
car
Inflammability of Fuels
 Type of Fuel Vs Combustion Strategy

• Highly volatile with High self Ignition Temperature: Spark

Ignition. Ignition after thorough mixing of air and fuel.
• Less Volatile with low self Ignition Temperature:
Compression Ignition , Almost simultaneous mixing &
Ignition.
20th Century Inventions for Automotive Prime Movers
based on Otto’s Model

Methods of Building a Powerful Artificial

Horse….
 Effect of Compression Ratio on Thermal Efficiency

Ignition
1
th  1
const cV r k 1
Present SI
engines k = 1.4
7 < r < 11

Power
Stroke

• Spark ignition engine compression ratio limited by T3 (auto-ignition)

and p3 (material strength), both ~rk
• For r = 8 the efficiency is 56% which is twice the actual indicated
value
 Evolution of Otto’s Artificial Horse
• Carburetted SI- IC Engines.
• HC Emissions
• Low Fuel Economy
 Throttling, quantity governed
 Current SI Engines

MPFI Engines
High Specific Power
Fuel economy better than carbureted
 Quality governing, no throttling
High HC emissions during transient operation
Limited improvement at part load