Digital representation

Analog representation
waves
Digital representation
Need for digital
Differences between Analog and
Digital
..contd.,
 Advantage and disadvantage of the
Digital and analog
Digital Communication System
Advantage :
 inexpensive digital circuits
 privacy preserved (data encryption)
 can merge different data (voice, video and
data) and transmit over a common digital
transmission system
 error correction by coding
Analog Communication System
Disadvantages :
 expensive analog components : L&C
 no privacy
 can not merge data from diff. sources
 no error correction capability

Disadvantages : Advantages :

 larger bandwidth  smaller bandwidth

 synchronization problem is relatively  synchronization problem is relatively
difficult easier
Analog to Digital conversion
The Analog-to-digital Converter (ADC) performs
three functions
• Sampling Makes the signal discrete in time. If the
analog input has a bandwidth of W Hz, then the
minimum sample frequency such that the signal can
be reconstructed without distortion.
• Quantization Makes the signal discrete in amplitude.
Round off to one of q discrete levels.
• Encode Maps the quantized values to digital words
that are nth bits long. If the (Nyquist) Sampling
Theorem is satisfied, then only quantization
introduces distortion to the system.
• Audio signals are continuous in time and amplitude
• Audio signal must be digitized in both time and
amplitude to be represented in binary form.
– Discrete in time by sampling – Nyquist
– Discrete in amplitude by quantization
• Once samples have been captured, they must be
made discrete in amplitude.
Sampling
Quantization
• Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) provides the sampled and
quantized binary code.

• Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) converts the quantized

binary code back into an approximation of the analog signal
by clocking the code to the same sample rate as the ADC
conversion.
Drawbacks of digital
representation