Dynamic analysis of the SMA braced system

Presented by:
Umesh Birajdar AM17M008
Sai Elakkiya V AM17S023

Indian Institute of Technology, Madras

Index

 Introduction
 Literature review
 Simple experiment of SMA
 Properties of SMA
 Benefits of SMA
 Case study
 Lessons learnt
Introduction

 Shape memory alloys are the material which have the

ability to return to a predetermined shape when
heated or cooled.
 When it is heated above the its transformation
temperature it undergoes a change in crystal structure
which causes it to return to its original shape
 The most common SMA material is an alloy of nickel
and titanium(nitinol).
 This particular alloy has very good electrical and
mechanical properties, long fatigue life, and high
corrosion resistance.
Literature review

“Applications of shape memory alloys in civil engineering

structures - Overview, limits and new ideas by L. Janke l'2, C.
Czaderski 1, M. Motavalli 1andJ.Ruth”
 A basic description of SMA highly non linear material
behaviour in terms of shape memory effect and
superelasticity.
 It is followed by a brief introduction to Ni-Ti and Fe-Mn-Si
SMAs
 Pre-existing and new application in the fields of damping,
active and prestressing or being reviewed with regard to
civil engineering.
 New ideas for using SMAs in civil engineering structure are
proposed such as a improved concept for active
confinement of concrete members
Literature review

“Applications of shape memory alloys in civil engineering

structures” –by Song,G.,Ma,and Li H.N.(2006).
 The shape memory effect(SME) and pseudoelasticity, two
major properties of SAM associated with the thermal
induced or stress induced reversible hysteretic phase
transformation between austenite and martensite are
reviewed.
 These unique properties enable SMA to be used as

actuators, energy dissipaters and damper for civil

structure control.
 Various application in civil structures.
Literature review

Case study: Passive Damping of a frame structure using super-

elastic shape memory alloys (SMA) bracings by Prof
Sivakumar IIT Madras.
 Seismic loads are the most critical loads in framed
structures
 Several structures in the high intensity seismic zones need
upgrading for withstanding seismic loads
 In this case study analysed the effects of seismic loads on
the framed structure and how to mitigate the effect of
earth quick loads by using SMA bracing
 In passive damping, there are two modes that are usually
adopted, seismic isolation and energy absorption.
Simple experiment of SMA
Properties of SMA

 Mechanical Properties (Tensile and compressive)

Tension load
P P

Compressive
load
P P
Properties Cont..

 Shape memory effects

 Pseudo-elasticity
Benefits of SMAs

 Energy absorption with large hysteresis,

 Near zero residual deformations upon unloading. This is
often called the recentering property in relation to
structural damping
 Good low and high cycle fatigue properties
 Corrosion resistance, and
 Ductility due to the formation of stress plateaus that help
limit the force transfer through the SMA member.
 CASE STUDY
Dynamic analysis of the SMA braced system
 Assumption

Assumption made before modelling

 At any given time, only one of the SMA
braces will be active in taking the load
rendering the frame a determinate
structure.
 Columns and beam are assumed to be
rigid,
 Brace has less behavioural sensitivity
to repeated loading conditions and
rate effects Idealized frame

 Mass is assumed to be concentrated in

the rigid beam AB
Equivalent spring-frictional dashpot assembly
for the SMA brace system

 Mechanical analogy in terms of spring-dashpot assembly

for the SMA brace for dynamic analysis
 This model is based on the SMA material model chosen
 Small dashpot has been added in addition to introduce
internal damping effects.
Governing equation of equilibrium

 Equilibrium in horizontal direction for given frame is

−𝐹𝑠𝑝𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑀𝑢ሷ

Fspr is the member force in the SMA brace

elongation in the SMA brace δ =(u−ug)cosθ
SMA brace undergoes transformation elongation of δT
Then the force in the SMA brace is given by
𝐹𝑠𝑝𝑟 = 𝐾(𝛿 − 𝛿𝑇)
Equation of equilibrium can be written as
𝑢ሷ = −𝐾/𝑀 ((𝑢 − 𝑢𝑔)cos𝜃 − 𝛿𝑇)cos𝜃
The above equation can be simplified and written as
𝐾 𝐾 𝐾
𝑢ሷ + 𝑢 = 𝑢𝑔 − 𝛿𝑇 𝑜𝑟
𝑀𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑀𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑀𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑢ሷ + 𝜔𝑛2 𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑡)
Contin…

𝛿𝑇
 In above question where 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝜔𝑛2 𝑢𝑔 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑛𝑑
cos𝜃

𝜔𝑛 = 𝐾/𝑀𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

 Response of a non-SMA brace

𝐹0
𝑢 𝑡 = 𝑢𝑐 + 𝑢𝑝 = 𝐶𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑛 𝑡 − 𝜑 + 2 𝑚 2 sin𝜔𝑡
𝜔𝑛 − 𝜔

 Internal losses is represented by introducing weak damper in

parallel in frame with an SMA brace system
Dynamic analysis of the SMA braced system

 State variation and variable for SMA braced frame

 State variables u, v, δT, β and Fspr last three variables
represents the state of SMA brace
𝐾 𝛿𝑇
𝑣=− cos2𝜃 𝑢 − 𝑢𝑔 −
𝑀 cos𝜃
𝑢ሶ = 𝑣,
𝛿𝑇
𝐹𝑠𝑝𝑟 = 𝐾𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑢 − 𝑢𝑔 −
cos𝜃
𝛿𝑇 = 𝜇 𝐾 𝛿ሶ = 𝜇 𝐾𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑣 − 𝑢𝑔ሶ

ഥ = 𝐸𝐴𝑏/𝐿𝑏
𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝐾 ത 𝑎𝑛𝑑, 𝛽ሶ ҧ = ℎത 𝛿𝑇ሶ
 ug is the ground motion; μ =0 for no sliding ; μ =1, if sliding conditions are
met; 𝛽ҧ is the force in the spring h bar is the bauschinger stress; δT
transformation extension
Sinusoidally varying ground motion

 The frame behaviour is first analysed for the sinusoidal

ground motion, ug, given by. 𝑢𝑔 = 𝑢𝑔0 sin(𝜔𝑡)
Sinusoidally varying ground motion
Decaying sinusoidal ground motion

 The frame is thus analysed for a decaying sinusoidal ground

motion of. 𝑢𝑔 = 𝑢𝑔0 𝑒 −0.5𝑡 sin 𝜔𝑡
 Decaying sinusoidal ground motion

During earthquakes, it is reasonable to assume that an oscillating

decaying ground motion occurs that affects the structure over and
beyond the duration of the earthquake
Short duration ground motion

 It is important to analyse the damping provided by the

SMA braces for such a short duration motion
𝑢𝑔0 𝑒 −0.5𝑡 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≤ 1𝑠
𝑢𝑔 =
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 > 1𝑠

Doubt with graph

check it out
Short duration ground motion
Ramp loading

 It is important to analyse the damping provided by the

SMA braces for ramp loading
Ramp loading

 It is important to analyse the damping provided by the

SMA braces for ramp loading
Lesson learnt

 Gone trough 2 to 3 paper related to application of SMAs and

understood how they have been used in the application of civil
engineering.
 Cleary understood the modelling of SMA bracing through
spring damper friction analogy it would help in writing the
MATLAB code easily.
 We have plotted the graphs for sinusoidal, ramp and constant
loading and understood the variation of force and
displacement wrt time.
 By this model understood how to mitigate the structure from the
seismic loading.
 Understood and interpreted the bauschinger effect under
different type of loading.
Lesson learnt