Physiology of Aging: Muhammad Isman Sandira

PHYSIOLOGY OF AGING
Muhammad Isman Sandira

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU
Decarease Lengthening
Mortality of lifespan
AGING

Definition of Aging
Aging is characterized by a progressive loss of
physiological integrity, leading to impaired function and
increased vulnerability to death.

Why Do Human Get Age?
Genomic Instability
• The accumulation of genetic damage throughout life
because the failure of repair mechanism.
• Influenced by external (UV Light, Radiation, Chemical
Agent, etc) and endogenous (ROS, DNA Reprilication
Eror).

Telomer Attrition
• A telomere is a region of repetitive nucleutida
sequences (TTAGGG) at each end of a chromosome.
• Telomere protects the end of the chromosome from
deterioration or from fusion with neighboring
chromosomes.
• As cell division overtime, the telomere will shorten

Celuller Senescence
• Cellular senescence can be defined as a stable arrest
of the cell cycle coupled to stereotyped phenotypic
changes.
• Senscence cell will secret some inflammatory factors
and free radicals that can induce diaseses.

• DDR (DNA Damage Responses)
• pRB (protein Retinoblastoma)

Mitochondrial Dysfunction
• Mitochondrial dysfunction in the form of decreased
respiratory chain efficiency, resulting electron leak
(ROS), and diminished ATP production
• The enhancement of ROS will cause aging
acceleration.

Organ-Level Physiological Changes
in Aging
Introduction
• Aging affects all organ systems in human bodys but
varies each organ.

Cardiovascular Changes in Aging
Cardiovascular System
• Jantung dan pembuluh darah mengalami perubahan baik

struktural maupun fungisional.
• Penurunan yang terjadi terjadi bertahap dan berbeda tiap
orang.
• Perubahan-perubahan tersebut meningkatankan
kerentanan orang lanjut usia mengalami kelainan jantung:
hipertensi, CHF, atrioventrikular blok, dan stenosis aorta.


Kolagen Meningkat Inconsistency
Arterial Stiffness Venous Stiffness
Elastin Menurun preload
Diastolik hipotensi Sistolik hipertensi
Perfusi pericardium Peningkatan Hipertrofi

menunurun afterload miokardium
Peningkatan Influx Memanjangnya waktu Menurunnya waktu

Kalsium kontraksi miokardium relakasasi miokardium
Penurunan komplians
End-diastolic menurun
miokardium

• Pacemaker Celullar Loss  decline of heart rates.

• The reseponse of beta reseptor is reduced so that
changes the heart’s ability to respond to either
intrinsic or exogenous catecholamine stimulation.
• Fibrosis and calcification occur at the aortic valve cusp
bases, annular valvular rings, and fibrous trigones.


Aging and Nitric Oxide

Respiratory Changes in Aging
Respiratory System in Aging
• The lungs continue to develop throughout life, and

maximal functional status is achieved in the early part
of the third decade, after which lung function
gradually declines.
• Respiratory Changes:
• Alteration of the mechanical properties
• Reduction of arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation
• Impaired response to hypoxia

Alteration of The Mechanical Properties
• Reduction of elastic fibers in parenchyma of lung 

reduction of elastic recoil
• Thus, it promotes a decrease in lung volumes at an average
rate of between 0.1 and 0.2 cm H2O per year.
• The decrease is most pronounced after the fifth decade.
• Homogeneous enlargement of the air spaces also causes a
reduction in alveolar surface area from 75 m2 to 30 by the
age of 70 years.

Respiratory System
Elastin Paru Menurunnya
Osteoporosis
Menurun Massa Otot
Recoil Elastic Komplians Paru

Menurun Menurun
Usaha bernafas
meningkat

Lung Volume and Capacities in Young

Lung Volume and Capacity in Aging
• The functional residual capacity increases by 1% to 3% per
decade.
• The residual volume increases by 5% to 10% per decade.
• Total lung capacity remains unchanged but vital capacity is
decreased as much as 40% from 20 to 70 years of age.
• This decrease in physiologic reserve increases geriatric
patients’ vulnerability to infection and impairment.

Lung Volume and Capacities in Aging

Reduction of Arterial Oxyhemoglobin
Saturation
• Decreasing of diffusing capacity due to:
• Smaller alveolar surface area
• Reduction in pulmonary capillary density
• Small airway collaps will increase ventilation-perfusion
mismatch, especially in exercise.
• Older patients also have diminished responsiveness to
hypoxemia and hypercapnia

Renal and Volume Changes
in Aging
Renal System in Aging
• Renal function declines related to age have been well
documented
• This age–related histologic appearance is frequently
described as nephrosclerosis:
• arteriosclerosis/arteriolosclerosis,
• Focal global glomerulosclerosis (FGGS),
• Tubular atrophy,
• Interstitial fibrosis
• Aging causes both creatinine clearance and glomerular
filtration rates to decline

• Nephrone number:
• Kidneys in autopsy specimens show the nephron number decreases with
aging.
• The number of nephron loss in aging roughly 1 million nephrone compare
than younger have.
• Aging prone to AKI and decline in GFR about 0.75 ml/min per year
• Vascular renal:
• After the fourth decade, there is a 10% decrease in renal blood flow with each
decade thereafter.
• It will decrease in responsiveness and autoregulation of volume status.

• Intersisial renal:
• The size of the kidney increases to the fifth decade and then starts to
decrease.
• This volume loss is thought to be caused by tubule-interstitial changes,
including infarction, scaring, and fibrosis, resulting in decreased clearance
capabilities
• Fluid and elctrolit balance
• There is a slower homeostatic responsiveness to sodium changes and a
decreased ability to maximally dilute or concentrate urine.
• There is also a global impairment of movement of other electrolytes and
transport of ions across the tubular epithelium.

Age-related Change in Water Body

Age-related Change in Water Body


Endocrine Changes in Aging
Endocrine System in Aging
• There is a decline in endocrine function with age:
• Decreased tissue responsiveness
• Aa reduction in hormone secretion from peripheral glands
• Most apparent in:
• Glucosa metabolism
• Reproductive function
• Calcium metabolism

Metabolism Change in Aging
• Impaired glucose tolerance develops in more than 50% of individuals
older than 80 years of age
• There is a decrease in insulin production by beta cells, an increase in
insulin resistance related to poor diet, an increase in abdominal fat
mass, and a decrease in muscle body mass  poor glycemic control

Reproduction Change in Women
• Menopause in the sixth decade of life when serum estradiol
concentrations are lower and follicle-stimulating hormone
concentrations are higher than in younger women.
• Luteinizing hormone does not change like follicle-stimulating
hormone.
• These changes, along with the decrease of estrogen levels, increase
the risk of cardiovascular events, rapid loss of skeletal mass,
vasomotor instability, psychological symptoms, and atrophy of
estrogen-responsive tissue.

Reproduction Change in Men
• Men still can produce sperm although the quantity gradually decline.
• There is a marked decline in free testosterone levels from an increase
in sex hormone–binding globulin levels.
• Hypertrophy of prostat

Vitamin D and Calcium Metabolism

Vitamin D and Calcium Metabolism
Change in Aging

Muscle Change in Aging

Muscle Change in Aging

Immune and Hematologic
Changes in Aging
Immune System in Aging
• The aging immune system displays progressive changes collectively
described as immunosenescence.
• These changes result in increased susceptibility to infection,
malignancy, and autoimmunity.
• The adaptive and innate immune systems both exhibit functional
decline with aging, although innate immunity appears better
preserved
• Accumulation of visceral adipose tissue in aging induce chronic
inflammation.

Hematology System in Aging
• Bone marrow mass decreases and undergoes fatty replacement with
a resultant decrease in total bone marrow hematopoietic tissue.
• It leads to a loss of functional reserves, reduced hematopoiesis with
hypoproliferative hematopoietic stem cells, and increased incidence
of anemia and myeloid diseases.
• However, iron flux, red cell lifespan, total white blood cell count, and
blood volume do not decline with age.
• Platelet responsiveness increases as do multiple coagulation factor
levels

Hematology System in Aging

Neurological Function in Aging
• Cognitive decline with aging is multifactorial and related to changes in
structure as well as synaptic plasticity.
• Cerebral tissue atrophy and diminished cerebral perfusion result in
significant white matter loss varies by brain region with little or no
loss in some regions.
• Functional MRI studies demonstrate less coordinated activation in
brain regions focused on higher-order cognitive functions, which
suggests a global loss of integrative function with aging

Brain Anatomy

• Gene expression profiling studies show that significant changes in
synaptic gene expression contribute to altered higher-order
integration.
• These alterations in synaptic plasticity and loss as well as impaired
neurogenesis may predispose aged individuals to neurodegenerative
disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease

Gastrointestinal Changes in Aging
Gastrointestinal System in Aging
• Although relatively small, Age-related changes occur along
most of the gastrointestinal track.
• The decreasing of peristaltic wave poor sfingter cardiac tonus 
reflux or aspiration
• Atrophic gastric  decrease gastric acid secretion  prolonged
(double) gastric emptying.
• Atrophic gastric  breakdown B12 metabolism

• Gastric ulcer usually is caused by who are chronically taking
NSAID
• Decreasing of gastric and intestine peristaltic  constipation
• Pancreatic function does not seem to be diminished with age

Hepatic Change in Aging
• The liver experiences significant change with age
• There is a reduction of liver volume, ranging from 20% to
40% across the human lifespan.
• With the loss of volume, there is also age-related decline in
hepatic blood flow.
• Loss of endoplasmic reticulum surface causes detrimental
drug metabolizing activity  increase the incidence of
adverse drug reactions.


Terima Kasih

Physiology of Aging: Muhammad Isman Sandira

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Physiology of Aging: Muhammad Isman Sandira

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PHYSIOLOGY OF AGING

Muhammad Isman Sandira

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

• Jantung dan pembuluh darah mengalami perubahan baik

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

Diastolik hipotensi Sistolik hipertensi

Perfusi pericardium Peningkatan Hipertrofi

Peningkatan Influx Memanjangnya waktu Menurunnya waktu

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

• Pacemaker Celullar Loss  decline of heart rates.

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

• The lungs continue to develop throughout life, and

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

• Reduction of elastic fibers in parenchyma of lung 

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

Recoil Elastic Komplians Paru

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

SISTEM BIOMEDIK BAGIAN FISIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ALKHAIRAAT PALU

You might also like