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A member of the DELEUM Group

Info Sharing

Production Logging
Casing
Inspection
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Info Sharing - Content


Intro
o Company profile
o Job Statistics

Casing Inspection.
o MIT (Tool info).
o Pressure force to tubing wall.
o Spacing (gap between fingers).
o Calibration & Jig).
o Example problem (summary).
o Analysis (Modal Line method).
o MITView 3D Software.

o Case Studies.
1. MIT – Collapsed tubing.
2. MIT – Drilling wear.
3. MIT – Scale deposition & remedial work.
4. MIT – Perforated pup.
5. MIT – Completion item (X-Nipple).
6. MIT – SCSSV.
7. MIT – SPM (Side Pocket Mandrel.
8. MIT – SSD (Sliding door).
9. MIT – Seal assy/packer.
10. MIT – Completion item (XN-Nipple).
11. MIT – Multiple holes.
12. MIT – Line damage.
13. MIT – Scale.
14. MIT – Seal assy/Packer.
15. MIT – Multiple holes.
16. MIT – Scale buildup.
17. MIT – Workover well (#1).
18. MIT – Workover well (#2).
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Info Sharing - Content (cont’d)


Production Logging .
o Why Production Logging/Objective.
o Sensors/equipment for Conventional MPLT.
o Spinners & Diverter Basket Tool (DBT).
o Spinner and principal of operation.
o Capacitance and principal of operation.
o Density and principal of operation.
o MPLT – Toolstring Config.

o Case Studies.
o Case Study #1 – Turbulence.
o Case Study #2 – ADF (interpretation without spinner).
o Case Study #3 – Cross Flow #1(during SI).
o Case Study #4 – Cross Flow #2 (in both modes).
o Case Study #5 – Leaking (plug).
o Case Study #6 – Channelling.
o Case Study #7 – Radioactive scale from GR.
o Case Study #8 – Hot zone and water entry.
o Case Study #9 – Capacitance and Density.

o Lesson Learned.
o Lesson 1 – Lift calculation.
o Lesson 2 – Battery estimation.
o Lesson 3 – Spinner calculations.
o Lesson 4 – Spinner blade (mechanical/debris).
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Info Sharing - Content (cont’d)


MAPS (Array PL).
o Tool introduction.
o Capacitance Array Tool.
o Resistance Array Tool.
o Spinner Array Tool.

Standard Operating Procedure


o Review
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Company Profile
Deleum Oilfield Services Sdn. Bhd.

o Subsidiaries of Deleum Group.


o Establishment in 1982 formerly known as Delcom Oilfield Services Sdn. Bhd.
o Main services:
 Slickline operation.
 Wellhead Maintenance.
 EMR survey.
 MIT.
 MPLT.
 MAPS (new product).
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MPLT Jobs Statistic (SKO and SBO)


4

2 SKO
SBO

0
2009 2010 2011 2012
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MIT Jobs Statistic (SKO & SBO)


15

14

13

12

11

10

8
SKO SBO
7

0
2009 2010 2011 2012
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Casing Inspection - Multifinger Imaging Tool

o Battery powered.
o Memory mode/SRO.
o No need correlation survey.
o Various type of centraliser tools and knuckle.
o MIT with 24 fingers (standard & extended).
o 1.75” to 7” ID.
o Resolution 0.003” (0.076mm).
o Accuracy: +/- 0.02” (0.508mm).

o All downhole tools with 1-11/16” OD, 177


degC and 15Kpsi.
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Multifinger Imaging Tool - MIT

The MIT tools have been designed so as to impart minimal


finger pressure yet still obtain high accuracy data.

The finger pressure is less than 1lb (0.5 Kg)

Plastic Lined Tubing sectioned after logging with MIT

Trials with the tool during the


design phase show that plastic
lined tubing is not damaged.
The minor striations are due to a
very fine deposition of scale in the
tubing .
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MIT - Spacing

Multifinger Imaging Tools gaps between fingers in different well/completion sizes.


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MIT - Calibration
7” ring

6-1/2” ring

5-1/2” ring

4-1/2” ring

3-1/2” ring

2-1/2” ring

2” ring
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MIT - Calibration
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MIT - Calibration
7” ring

6-1/2” ring

5-1/2” ring

4-1/2” ring

3-1/2” ring

2-1/2” ring

2” ring
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MIT - Example Problem


SCALE BUILDUP
LANDING IS CHOKING FLOW
NIPPLE
CORROSION
Tubing
Wall

SEAL BORE

HOLE IN TUBING CONFIRMATION DIMENSIONS OF


DOWNHOLE COMPLETION ITEM

RING DAMAGE DUE TO TURBULENCE LOW ORDER


CAUSED BY LANDING NIPPLE MILLING OR DRILLING DETONATIONS
DAMAGE

BLOCKED
PERFORATIONS

LANDING
THINNING OF THE WALL HAS REDUCED
NIPPLE
TUBULAR BURST PRESSURE
MAP PERFORATIONS
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MIT - Analysis (Modal line method)

Restriction / Projection
Coupling
Region
Lower Coupling Region
(analysed with greater tolerance for
If we analysed this distortion)

make-up region Make Up Region


it would appear as Not analysed - visual only
a false hole.
Upper Coupling Region
(analysed with greater tolerance for
Upset distortion)

Modal I.D.
Coupling
Penetration Collar
Modal Line Joint Body
Length to Region
determine modal ID
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MITView for MIT


3D Software
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Case Studies
MIT
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MIT - Collapsed casing

Downhole camera

MIT

Example #1 - Collapsed casing


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MIT - DrillingMIT Example - DRILLING WEAR


wear

DHV

MIT

Example #2 - Drilling wear


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MIT - Scale deposition & Remedial work

Hole in tubing

Lower Limit of
scale cleanup job

Example #3 - Scale and body damage (lower side).


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MIT - Perforated Pup

MITView

MIT finger tacers


Example #4 - Perforated pup
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MIT - Completion item (nipple)


‘X’ Nipple

Lock Profile
Seal Bore

CROSS SECTION

Example #5 - Completion item (nipple)


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MIT – SCSSV

Example #6 – TRSCSSV 3D View


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MIT – Side Pocket Mandreal

Example #7 – Side Pocket Mandrel 3D View


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MIT – Sliding Side Door

Example #8 – Sliding Sleeve Door 3D View


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MIT – Seal Assy/Packer

Example #9 – Packer 3D View


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MIT – Nipple

Example #10 – XN-Nipple 3D View


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MIT – Multiple holes

Example #11 – Semarang 3D Example on Corroded Tubing (SMJTF-80L)


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MIT – Line damage

Example #12 – Samarang 3D Example on Corroded Tubing (SMJTD-38)


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MIT – Scale

Example #13 – Samarang 3D Example on Corroded Tubing (SMJTD-38)


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MIT – Seal assy/packer (corroded)

Example #14 – Samarang 3D Example on Corroded Tubing (SMJTF-80L)


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MIT – Multiple holes

Example #15 – Injection Well 3D Example on Corroded Tubing


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MIT – Scale Buildup

Example #16 – Injection Well 3D Example on Scale Buildup


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MIT - MITdata & Actual tubing

Example #17 - Workover well #1.


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MIT - MITdata & Actual tubing

Example #18 - Workover well #2.


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MIT - MITdata & Actual tubing

Example #18 - Workover well #2.


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Production Logging - MPLT

o Battery powered.
o Memory mode/SRO.
o GR/CCL for correlation survey.
o Various type of centraliser tools and knuckle joint.
o Various type of spinners (always with back-up).
o SCT capacitance.
o Radioactive and non-radioactive density tools.
o All downhole tools with 1-11/16” OD, 177 degC
and 15Kpsi.
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Why Production Logging

Reasons for PLT.


o Water Problems.
o Production Profiling.
o Excessive Gas Problem.
o Injection Profiling.

Aims.
o To maximise the ultimate oil/gas recovery.
o To justify the cost remedial work or even the
development of the entire field.
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MPLT - Sensors
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MPLT - Spinners
Spinner blades (casing)

Fullbore spinner (caged)

Continuos Flowmeter

Spinner blades (tubing)


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MPLT - Spinners
Spinners: Diverter Basket Tool (DBT).
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MPLT - Spinner
• Principle of Operation:

 The spinner action rotates the magnets, which pass


the powered hall effect switches.

 Magnet present – switch closed.

 No magnet – switch open.

 The switches are opened and closed giving 10 pulses


per revolution.

 By counting the switchrate, and the order of closing,


the direction of rotation and the RPS are measured.
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MPLT - Capacitance
• Principle of Operation:

An annular variable capacitor as the central probe as one plate and the cage as the
other probe. The average dielectric from the mixture fluid governs the rate of
charging the capacitor. Water charge capacitor slowly, thus low frequency like wise
hydrocarbon.
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MPLT - Density
• Principle of Operation:

Gamma rays are emitted at one end and are detected at the opposite end by
scintillation detector and photomultiplier.
Fluids flow through the cell and attenuates the received count rate in an inverse log
function of the average fluid density.
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MPLT - Toolstring Config


With CFB - casing With CFS - tubing
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Case Studies
MPLT
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Case #1 - Turbulence

Unstabilized/turbulence.

Spinner during 30m/min (cyan) is lower than


20m/min (green).

Case study #1 - Turbulence


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Case #2 - Apparent Down Flow


Flowing Log
GR Depth W ell Sk etc h Z Veloc ity matc h Interpretation # 1 QZ I
-20 VAFLOW F1,I1 [m/ min] 60 263 TEMP F1,I1 [°F] 265
-20 VAFLOW Z -> F1,I1 [m/ min] 60 2204.07 QP F1,I1 [psia] 2288.34
0.6 DENR F1,I1 [g/ c c ] 1
... m -7. in 7. 27000 CWH F1,I1 [cps] 30000 -500 B/ D 6000
2730

2740

2750

2760

2770

2780

2790
Negative
2800 spinner
2810

2820

2830
HC entry,
2840 cooling
effect
2850

MPLT logged in 7” casing . Objective is to determine water contribution either top perf and bottom perf. Water cut
is 90% and casing was full with water during shut-in log mode. Flowing mode shows negative flows that might
misinterprete as downflow between top perf to bottom perf

Case study #2 - Apparent Down Flow


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Case #2 - Apparent Down Flow (cont’d)

Why this happen?

o Spinner show negative value/ downflow but Temp


and Capacitance tools show flowing up.

o Due to slippage velocity


between producing
Hydrocarbon that flow in the
stagnant water column create
eddying/water fallback.

Case study #2 - Apparent Down Flow


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Case #3 - Crossflow #1, SI


Shut-In Log
GR W ell Sk etc h Z Depth Vel matc h Interpretation # 1 QZ T QZ I
-70 VAFLOW S1,SI_1 [ft/ min] 100 128 TEMP S1,SI_1 [°F] 142
VAFLOW Z -> S1,SI_1 [ft/ min] 850 QP S1,SI_1 [psia] 1350
28000 CWH S1,SI_1 [cps] 33000.
-20 GAPI 320-7. in 7. ft
2700 0.01 DENR S1,SI_1 [g/ cc] 1.2 -50 B/ D 550-550 B/ D 250

2800

2900

3000

3100

3200

3300

3400

3500

3600

3700

3800

3900

4000

MPLT logged in 2-7/8” tubing . Objective is to determine zonal contribution between


each zone. During shut in mode log, found upward crossflow from bottom perf to
top perf as shown by Vapp and Cap.

Case study #3 - Crossflow during SI


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Case #4 – Crossflow in both modes, #2


With thief zone in flowing.
W ell Sk etc h Z Depth Vel matc h QZ T W ell Sk etc h Z Depth Veloc ity matc h QZ T
-70 VAFLOW S1,SI_1 [ft/ min] 100 -80 VAFLOW F2,I1 [ft/ min] 160
-7. in 7. ft
2700 VAFLOW Z -> S1,SI_1 [ft/ min] -50 B/ D 550 -7. in 7. ft
2700 VAFLOW Z -> F2,I1 [ft/ min] -50 B/ D 1000

2800 2800

2900 2900

3000 3000

3100 3100

3200 3200

3300 3300

3400 3400

3500 3500

3600 3600

3700 3700

3800 3800

3900 3900

4000 4000

Shutin mode Flowing mode

From the log, shut-in mode shows crossflow but during flowing, some HC were taking
back into the top perf detected. This is due to the flowing well pressure is more than top
perf reservoir pressure.
Case study #4 - Crossflow (thief zone)
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Case #4 – Crossflow in both modes, #2

Finding/conclusion:
• Crossflow is affecting the contribution , and
need to do zone change (close the top SSD) to
obtain max production from the well.

Case study #4 - Crossflow (thief zone)


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Case #5 – leaking from plug


Shut-In Flowing
W ell Sk etcZh Depth Veloc ity matc h QZ T
VAFLOW S1,S1 [m/ min] W ell Sk etc h Z D epth Veloc ity matc h QZ T
... m ... -500 B/ D 7000 VAFLOW F1,F1 [m/ min]
... m ... -1000 B/ D 13000

2600

2600

2700

2700

2800

Vapp shows
2800

flow below
2900
packer
2900

Packer 3000
3000

MPLT logged in 5-1/2” monobore . Objective is to determine zonal


contribution between each zone. Logging was performed above the
packer (see attached schematic). From shut-in & flowing passes, found
suspected below packer
Case study #5 - leaking
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Case #6 - channeling

Case study #6 - channelling


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Case #7 - radioactive scale

• Well was not flowing at optimum


rate due to scale buildup
• Multiple milling with coiled
tubing was performed for scale
cleanup. MIT with Gamma Ray
was performed to check on
tubing condition after milling
and MPLT was done at the end
of coiled tubing campaign to
check on well performance.
• High reading of Gamma Ray API
detected during 1st logging and
decreasing after each milling
run.

Case study #7 – radioactive scale


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Case #8 - Hot zone & Water entry


SI FL Water level is 1m higher = SI (3697.54mRKB), FL (3696.43mRKB)

374m/min

21m/min

342m/mi
n

Gas = 15.74 MMscf/D

Condy = 410.10 bbl/D

Water = 40.64 bbl/D

Gas production = 91.2%

Flowing mode.

All of the perforations are producing in this well. As this is a gas well, cooling effect can be seen across both zones due to gas expansion with pressure drop. I-100 is
the highest gas contributor with 15.74MMscf/D. Water level is at 3696.43mdRKB and this is approx 1m higher than in shut-in mode. Gamma Ray ‘Hot’ zones across I-
100 is due to radioactive scale deposition in association with water production. No indication of water entry from I-70.

Case study #8 – Hot zone & Water entry


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Case #8 - Hot zone & Water entry (cont’d)


All curves, RED = shut-in, GREEN = flowing Water level is 1m higher = SI (3697.54mRKB), FL (3696.43mRKB)

Gamma Ray
Hot Zone

Shut-in mode.

Both spinners show negative rps in between zones. This is the evidence of cross flow where gas from I-70 going (flowing down at 20m/min) into I-100. It is believed
that only gas cross flowed across these zones. From density, water level is at 3697.54mdRKB. BHT was 279degF.

*Hot zone =
Case study #8 – Hot zone & Water entry
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Case #9 – Capacitance and Density


W ell Sk etc h Z Depth FLOW CW H DENR
-5 in 5 ft -10 rps 1227000 cps 34000.0.01 g/ cc 1.1

5100

5200

5300

5400

5500

5600

5700

5800

MPLT was logged in 3-1/2” to 2-7/8” tubing (HWC). Due to well deviation and watercut., Spinner
response different between up and down passes (Due to tool positioning, up passes in water and
down passes in light phase) . Capacitance and Density show unsteady pattern in all passes. The
best passes need to be chosen to match the surface rate and get the best holdup.

Case study #9 – Capacitance and Density


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Lesson Learned
o Lesson Learned.
o Lesson 1 – Lift calculation.
o Lesson 2 – Battery estimation.
o Lesson 3 – Spinner calculations.
o Lesson 4 – Spinner blade stuck.
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Lesson #1 – Lift calculations


SONDEX LIMITED
LIFT / DRAG CALCULATIONS FOR PRODUCTION LOGGING OPERATIONS

Surface pressure 238.7 psia Well Deviation 60 degrees


Pressure at toolstring 1801 psia Tubing ID 2.992 ins
Calc. D/Hole density gas 0.105 g/cc Casing ID or next ID 7 ins
Downhole density water: 0.96 g/cc Tool OD 1.875 ins
Surface Oil API 41.1 Degrees PLT Tool Length 5 ft
Downhole Temperature 237 Deg F Wireline OD 0.125 ins
Calc. D/Hole Density oil 0.755 g/cc Tubing depth 8455 ft
Gas Specific Gravity 0.800 Air=1 Toolstring Depth 8370 ft (in tubing)
Surface gas flowrate 910 mscfd Line wt/1000ft in air 25 lbs
Surface oil flowrate 803 bopd Toolstring wt in air 100 lbs
Surface water flowrate 3659 bwpd Press control / wire friction 25 lbs
Oil Soln. GOR at Pwf. 434 scf/bbl Line Friction Factor 0.0035
Bo, Formn. Vol. factor oil 1.313 RB/STB Surface pull on line 20 lbs
Results: Friction Factors:
Net upward force on wire: -19 Lbs 7/32 E-Line use 0.007
Net downward force on tool: 44 Lbs Slickline use 0.0035
Net downward force of system: 26 Lbs Toolstring: 0.0035

Summation:
Positive (Downward) Forces: Lbs Counter Forces: Lbs
Line pull at surface -20.0
Wellhead Press: -2.9
Press control friction: -25.0
Line weight deviated less bouyancy: 77.1 Lift on line: -47.7
Tool weight deviated less bouyancy: 45.3 Lift on tools: -1.2
Total: 122.4 Total: -96.8

Lesson #1 – Lift calculation


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Lesson #2 – Battery estimation

Effect - Data are not recorded during logging operation and even worse for MIT tools, the finger may
broken when rig down.
Clarification - The battery estimation should be done prior to commence the job and used battery
should be labeled.

Lesson #2 – Battery estimation


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Lesson #3 – Spinner calculations

Effect - The spinner data is not reliable and invalid interpretation result.
Clarification - The spinner estimation should be done prior to commence the job.
Lesson #3 – Spinner calculations
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Lesson #4 – Spinner blade (intermittent)


Surface test
- Both spinners working good.

RIH
- 1 of spinners stuck.

FGS and surface


- Back to normal.

Lesson #2 - Spinner blade stuck


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Break
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Production Logging - MAPS

 12 capacitance probes.
o Capacitance Array Tool (CAT)
o Spinner Array Tool (SAT)
 6 small turbines.

o Resistance Array Tool (RAT)


 12 resistant probes.
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Production Logging - MAPS


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MAPS - CAT
• Help identify fluid phases in high deviation and horizontal wells
• 12 miniature sensors located in flexible bowsprings
• Complete 3D imagings of the holdups

The tool is 1 11/16” OD and has 12 micro-capacitance


sensors deployed on bowsprings which follow the ID of
the casing.
MAPS - CAT
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CAT- Principle of Operation


Principle of operation:
 Oil, gas and water have its own dielectric properties which means when it surround the 12 probes of
the CAT, it will govern the frequency of oscillation of a feedback circuit.
 Since the probes has slightly different responses, the raw data is normalized from original frequency
to fractional response where gas = 0, oil = 0.2 and water = 1.0
 If there is mixture surrounding the probes, a response chart is used to convert the normalized
reading to holdup.

MAPS - CAT
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MAPS - RAT
Insulator
• Help identify water holdup profile in the Approx 1.5mm
entire wellbore
Shield
• Differentiate water (conductive) with
hydrocarbon(non conductive)
• 12 miniature sensors located in flexible
bowsprings Probe
• Complete 3D imagings of the holdups l Water bubble connects l Oil bubble covers and
two tips and conducts insulates tip of probe
= Low Resistivity = High Resistivity

Shield
Will give holdup
of different phases
in bubble flow.
Probe

The tool is 1 11/16” OD and has 12 micro-resistivity


probes deployed on bowsprings which follow the ID of
the tubing / casing.

MAPS - RAT
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RAT - Holdup Calculation

Localised holdup
is the ratio of conducting to
non-conducting.

May need a scaling factor

MAPS - RAT
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MAPS - SAT
Will give velocities of different phases in stratified or
segregated flow.

• Help determine fluid velocity around the wellbore.


• Differentiate water (conductive) with hydrocarbon(non
conductive).
• 6 miniature turbines mounted on flexible bowsprings
• Output- Direction and speed of spinner.

1 11/16” or 2 1/8” tool with six


jeweled bearing micro-
spinners deployed
on bowsprings

MAPS - SAT
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SAT - Sensors positioning

• Sensors positioned around the circumference on


the well bore.

• Identification and velocity measurement for each


phase

MAPS - SAT
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SAT – Principle of Operation


Principle of operation:

Hall Effect Sensors.

The Hall effect sensors are integrated circuits, which monitor the magnetic field of the magnets. The
output of the sensors are switched to ground when the magnetic field passes a certain threshold and
thus create a pulse each pass. As there are 3 magnets and Hall effect sensors, 3 pulses will be generated
per revolution. The sequence of the pulses, generated by the sensors determine the flow direction, i.e.
sequence 1-2-3-1 is positive and sequence 3-2-1-3 is negative.
MAPS - SAT
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MAPS - CATView
Logging Station – CATview software (Gas = Yellow, Oil = Red, Water = Blue)

Intermittent Slug Flow

MAPS - CATView
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MAPS - MAPView
Three Phases - Gas Oil and Water

Oil and Water Production

Cylinder Wall - Phase Type Arrow and Mesh- Phase Velocities


MAPS - MAPView
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MAPS - MAPView
Flow loop Comparison – Oil & Water

MAPview

Red: Oil
Blue: Water

Observe some fallback of water on the low side.

MAPS - MAPView
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MAPS - MAPView
Flow loop Comparison – Gas & Water

MAPview

Yellow: Gas
Blue: Water

Slugs of water lifted up with gas. Observe some


fallback of water on the low side.

MAPS - MAPView
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Field Log - RAT


Density not run due to low density contrast between fresh water and heavy oil.

Capacitance Curve does not


show true holdup profile.

Fluid Velocity:
Top 130 ft/min
Middle 70 ft/min
Bottom 0 ft/min

RAT Holdup:
Top 0.80
Middle 0.88
Bottom 1.00

Individual Sensor Resistivity


0 = 100% (O), 1 = 100% (W)

Average RAT Holdup Water Resistance Sensor 2 Oil Resistance Sensor 2


‘Spikes’ are Reacting to
Perf Zonal Water Water Contribution Zonal Oil Oil Contribution Water Cut Oil bubbles.
Depths STBPD % STBPD % %
TOP 436 43 173 59 72
BOTTOM 584 57 119 41 83 MAPS - MAPView
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MAPS - Deployment

Well does not have to be horizontal.


 MAPS may be deployed in deviated wells, to investigate
hydrocarbons running on the high side of the well.
 As the MAPS tools are centralised, the orientation of the
tool is not a concern.
 All tools have a high side indicator and are locked into
alignment.

MAPS - Deployment
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MAPS – Repositioning

• Spacer Rings are available to limit bowspring travel and reduce contact with the borehole wall in an open hole
completion
• Useful in Open Hole completions and in completions with wax / scale / corrosion.

MAPS - Deployment
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MAPS
MAPS in Horizontal well.

Because of high flow the well stream Stratified Flow (SAT, CAT and Oil bubbles squeezing through
is mixed (SAT, RAT, PLT). RAT). at the top (SAT, CAT and RAT)

Note:
The Spinner Array Tool and Resistivity Array Tool are also suitable for deviated and vertical wells.

MAPS - Horizontal

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