Recap

 Course outline and evaluation patterns

 Introduction to the course

 The basic structural characterization and spectroscopic techniques

 X-ray Diffractometer

Has three basic elements; viz., an X-ray tube, a

sample holder, and an X-ray detector
Most of the images/figures in the slides on X-ray diffraction, henceforth, have been taken from
“Elements of X-ray Diffraction”, B.D. Cullity and S.R. Stock, 3rd Edition, and also a few other sources,
just for the purpose of teaching and illustration only.
Electromagnetic
spectrum:

Energy = hc/λ = hν = eV;

h is Planck’s constant
c is speed of light
V is accelerating voltage of electron of charge e
λ is wavelength

Schematic
representation
of X-ray tube:
X-ray spectrum (e.g. molybdenum)

λSWL ∞ 1/Vacc
Characteristic X-ray emission
K: Vacant 1s (or K) shell is filled by an
electron from 2 (or L) shell

L shell (n = 2) is split into energy levels LI, L

LIII.

LIII  K (K1) LII  K (K2)

Cu-K1  = 1.540562 Å

Cu-K2  = 1.544390 Å

Cu-K  = 1.392218 Å

Cu K-absorption edge = 1.38059 Å

Supressing Kβ over Kα
Powder Diffraction Pattern

Crystalline material

amorphous material