Session-12

Problems on Predicates and Quantifiers

Examples:
1. All birds can fly
P(x): a bird can fly (proposition)
Quantifier: for all
Symbolic Notation: x P(x)

2. Not all birds can fly

Q(x): x is a bird
a bird can fly (proposition)
Some birds can fly but not all
Quantifier: there exists
Symbolic notation: x Q(x)
Examples:
3. If x is a man, then x is a giant
P(x): x is a man
Q(x): x is giant propositions
Quantifier: For some x
Symbolic Notation: x P(x) → Q(x)

4. Some men are not giants

P(x): x is a man
Q(x): x is giant propositions
Quantifier: For some x
Symbolic notation: x P(x) → ~Q(x)
Problems:
1. All men are fallible.
all kings are men.
therefore, all kings are fallible.

2. Lions are dangerous animals

There are lions.
therefore, there are dangerous animals.
3.
Every living thing is a plant or an animal.
David’s dog is alive and it is not a plant.
All animals have hearts.
Hence, David’s dog has a heart.

4.
All doctors are college graduates.
Some doctors are not golfers.
Hence, some golfers are not college graduates