FIRST

AID
First aid….. it is better to know it and
not need it than to need it and not
know it.
 BASIC FIRST AID
TRAINING OBJECTIVES
• Choking
• Chain of Survival • Fractures
• What is First Aid? • Heart Attack
• Scene Survey • Basic First Aid for
Wounds
• Initial Assessment
• Dressing and Bandages
• Victim Assessment • Amputation
Sequence • Checking for Spinal
• Bleeding Control Injuries
• Shock • Stroke (Brain Attack)
• Burns • Bites and Stings
 BASIC TERMS
Good Samaritan Law – states that a person acting in
good faith, rendering reasonable first aid, will not be held
accountable for damages to that person unless gross
willful misconduct is used. This person must not have a
legal duty to respond or complete the first aid.

 Consent – a patient allowing you to give first aid.

Informed consent – you informing the patient of

consequences, and then the patient giving permission for
you to give first aid.
 BASIC TERMS
Implied consent – when a patient is unconscious,
it is given that if the person were conscious, they
would request care.

Abandonment – initiating care an then stopping

without ensuring that the person has same level or
higher care being rendered.

Negligence – When you have a duty to respond

and you fail to provide care or give inappropriate
care, and your failure to provide care or
inappropriate care causes injury or harm.
 BASIC TERMS
Universal Precautions – Using gloves, masks, gowns, etc.
for every patient every time when there is a possibility of
coming in contact with any body fluids.

 Clinical Death — The moment breathing and heartbeat

stop. Typically, a person has a high likelihood of being
revived without much cellular damage when clinically dead
for approximately 0-6 minutes. Within 6-10 minutes, brain
cell damage is highly likely.

Biological Death — Irreversible damage to brains cells and

tissues. If aperson has been clinically dead for 10 minutes or
more, there will be irreversible cell damage. Resuscitation is
unlikely but not impossible.
 BASIC ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Heart Lungs
• Consists of four chambers, about
the size of your fist, located under
the breastbone.
• There are two lungs that
• Function of the heart is to pump function to take in oxygen
the and release carbon dioxide.
blood to the brain, lungs and body.
Your body has about 5.6 liters (6
quarts) of blood which circulates
through the body three times every
minute. • Room air contains 21%
oxygen. Our bodies use
• The cardiovascular system about 4-6 percent. When
comprises
the heart, arteries, capillaries, and
we breathe out we expire
veins. carbon dioxide
and about 16% oxygen.
 BASIC ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Brain
• Tells the rest of the body
what to do and needs oxygen
on a regular basis.
•Brain cells will begin to die in
4 to 6 minutes.
• The average human brain
weighs three pounds and uses
20% of the body's oxygen.
• The medulla oblongata is the
lower portion of the brainstem
which controls several major
body functions including
respiration and circulation.
Cells
• All cells of the body
require oxygen
continuously to carry out
normal functions.
Carbon dioxide is
produced as a
waste product and must be
eliminated from the body
through the lungs.
• Red blood cells transport
the oxygen to the tissues.
Principles of First Aid
Principle #1:
First, do no
harm
 First Do No Harm
• Know what to do and know what NOT to do.

• Do no harm does not mean do nothing.

• The wisdom is not just to know what to do, but

what NOT to do.

• Sometimes the best thing you can do for a

casualty is to call for help.
 First Do No Harm

• Use treatments you know of that are most

likely to benefit a casualty
• Do not use a treatment that you are not sure
about “just for the sake of trying”

• Provide comfort and assurance to the casualty

may be the only thing you can do
Principle #2: First Aid Is
Not An Exact Science And
Is Open To Error
First Aid Is Not An Exact Science
• First aid is practiced by people from all
walks of life.

• Therefore there are great variations in

terms of methods and practice.

• A casualty may not respond as you hoped

no matter how good and how hard you
try.
First Aid Is Not An Exact Science
• Don’t feel bad if the casualty don’t respond
as you would like him to.

• If you have done your best, your

conscience should be clear.

• You may also have to deal with your own

fear in real life situations
Principle #3: First Aid is
about Putting First
Things First
 First Things First
• Get your priority right.

• If there are too many injuries in a casualty,

treat the most urgent injuries first.

• If there are too many casualties

• First, call for help
• Treat the ones with the highest chance
of survival.
TRIAGE
Don’t treat him. Forget it!
They are also not your priority. Keep them aside
and leave them to chat with each other!
 First Things First
• The first step to get our priority right is to
know and recognize what is an emergency
and what is not an emergency!.

• Sometimes it is very difficult, e.g. heart

attack can be silent.

• Hollywood emergencies don’t always exist

in real life.
Hollywood Heart Attack
Principle #4: Safety Is
Of Utmost Importance
In First Aid
 Chain of Survival
•In order for a person to survive

Early Early Early

Early
First Aid/CPR Defibrillation Advanced
Access “999/998”
You EMS on Care
Scene Hospital
 Basic First Aid
 What Is First Aid?
 The immediate care given to an injured or
suddenly ill person.
 DOES NOT take the place of proper medical
treatment.
 Legal Considerations
• Implied Consent involves an unresponsive victim
in a life-threatening condition.
• It is assumed or “implied” that an unresponsive
victim would consent to lifesaving help.
• Only perform First Aid assistance for which you
have been trained.
 Who provides first aid?
• Police, Firefighters, EMT
• Red Crescent members, Scouts
• Bystanders, public members
• Relatives, family members, friends
• Workmates, teachers
• Medical students, anyone ……YOU!
 Scene Survey
• When confronted with an accident or illness on
duty it is important to assess the situation to
determine what kind of emergency situation you
are dealing with, for your safety, the victim’s safety
and that of others.

• Do a quick survey of the scene that includes

looking for three elements:

• Hazards that could be dangerous to you, the victim,

or bystanders.
• The cause (mechanism) of the injury or illness.
• The number of victims.
Note: This survey should only take a few seconds.
 Initial Assessment
• Goal of the initial assessment:
• Visually determine whether there are life-threatening
or other serious problems that require quick care.
• Breathing • Burn • Heart Attack
• Bleeding • Choking • Fractures
• Shock

• Determine if victim is conscious - by tap and shout.

Check for ABC as indicated:
• A = Airway Open? – Head-tilt/Chin-lift.
• B = Breathing? – Look, listen, and feel.
• C = Circulation? – Check for signs of circulation.
Note: These step-by-step initial assessment should not be
changed. It takes less than a minute to complete, unless first
aid is required at any point.
 Victim Assessment Sequence
• Assessment Sequence Components:
• If victim is responsive
• Ask them what injuries or difficulties they are
experiencing.
• Check and provide first aid for these complaints as
well as others that may be involved.
• If victim is not responsive (Unconscious or
incoherent)
• Observe for obvious signs of injury or illness
• Check from head to toe
• Provide first aid/CPR for injuries or illness
observed.
GOLDEN HOUR

Casualties of life-threatening trauma or

illness, have a greater chance of survival
if treated within the first hour.

If the heart stops, Brain Damage can

occur after just 3-4 minutes.
Shock refers to circulatory system failure
that happens when insufficient amounts of
oxygenated blood is provided for every body
part. This can be as the result of:
Shock
 Loss of blood due to uncontrolled bleeding or
other circulatory system problem.
 Loss of fluid due to dehydration or excessive
sweating.
 Trauma (injury)
Occurrence of an extreme emotional event.
 RECOGNITION
Is this an emergency condition?

YES DECIDE TO HELP NO

CONTACT ASSESS SCENE AND VICTIM

EMS if
needed or
if not sure FIRST AID

CHANCE OF RECOVERY MEDICAL CARE

WITHOUT MEDICAL CARE ARRIVED
ASSURED
 Shock
• What to Look For
• Altered mental status
• Anxiety and restlessness
• Pale, cold, and clammy skin, lips, and nail
beds
• Nausea and vomiting
• Rapid breathing and pulse
• Unresponsiveness when shock is severe
 Shock
What to Do
 After first treating life-threatening injuries such
as breathing or bleeding, the following procedures
shall be performed:
1. Lay the victim on his or her back
2. Raise the victim’s legs 8” – 12”
to allow the blood to drain from
the legs back to the heart.
3. Prevent body heat loss by
putting blankets and coats
under and over the victim.
4. Seek treatment for injuries
Bleeding
 Types of Bleeding

Arterial Bright Red - Spurting

Venous Dark Red - Flowing
Capillary Medium Red - Trickling
 External Bleeding
 Control Methods For External Bleeding:
a. Direct pressure stops most bleeding.
• Wear medical exam gloves (if possible)
• Place a sterile gauze pad or a clean cloth over
wound
b. Elevate injured part to help reduce blood flow.
• Combine with direct pressure over the wound (this
will allow you to attend to other injuries or victims).
c. If bleeding continues, apply pressure
at a pressure point to slow blood flow.
• Pressure point locations:
• Brachial (Top of elbow)
• Femoral (Inside upper thigh)
 Internal Bleeding

Control Methods For Internal Bleeding:

a. Signs of internal bleeding:

• Bruises or contusions of the skin
• Painful, tender, rigid, bruised abdomen
• Vomiting or coughing up blood
• Stools that are black or contain bright
red blood
 Internal Bleeding
What to Do:

For severe internal bleeding, follow these

steps:

 If possible, before you try to stop severe

bleeding, wash your hands to avoid infection
and put on synthetic gloves. Don't reposition
displaced organs. If the wound is abdominal
and organs have been displaced, don't try to
push them back into place — cover the wound
with a dressing.
 Internal Bleeding
1. Have the injured person lie down and cover the
person to prevent loss of body heat.

2. While wearing gloves, remove any obvious dirt

or debris from the wound.

3. Apply pressure directly on the wound until the

bleeding stops.

4. Don't remove the gauze or bandage.

5. Squeeze a main artery if necessary.

6. Immobilize the injured body part once the

bleeding has stopped.
 First Degree Burn

Burns have been described as:

First-degree burns (Superficial)

a. Only the skin’s outer layer
(epidermis) is damaged.
b. Symptoms include redness,
mild swelling, tenderness,
and pain.
c. Usually heals without
scarring.
 First Degree Burn
What to Do:

-- Immerse in cold water 10 to 45 minutes

or use cold, wet cloths.
 Cold stops burn progression
 May use other liquids

-- Aloe, moisturizer lotion

 Second Degree Burn
Second-degree burns (Partial Thickness)

• Epidermis and upper regions of

dermis are damaged.

• Symptoms include blisters,

swelling, weeping of fluids,
and severe pain.
 Second Degree Burn

What to Do:

Immerse in cold water

/ wet pack
Aspirin or ibuprofen

Do not break blisters

May seek medical attention

• To distinguish a MINOR BURN from a serious burn the
first step is to determine the extent of damage to body
tissues.
• The three burn classifications of first-degree burn,
second-degree burn and third-degree burn will help you
determine emergency care.

Treat a first-degree burn as If the second-degree burn is no

a minor burn unless it
involves substantial
portions of the hands, feet,
face, groin or buttocks, or a
major joint, which requires
emergency medical
attention.
larger than 3 inches (7.6
centimeters) in diameter, treat
it as a minor burn. If the
burned area is larger or if the
burn is on the hands, feet, face,
groin or buttocks, or over a
major joint, treat it as a major
burn and get medical help
immediately.
 Caution

•Don't use ice - Putting ice directly on a burn can cause

a burn victim's body to become too cold and cause further
damage to the wound.

•Don't apply butter or ointments to the burn - This

could cause infection.

•Don't break blisters - Broken blisters are more

vulnerable to infection.
 Third Degree Burn

Third-degree burns (Full Thickness)

-- Severe burns that penetrate all the skin layers, into the
underlying fat and muscle.
• Symptoms include: the burned area appears
gray-white, cherry red, or black; there is no
initial edema or pain (since nerve endings
are destroyed)
 Third Degree Burn
What to Do:
•Usually not necessary to apply cold to
areas of third degree.
•Do not apply ointments
•Apply sterile, non-stick dressings
(do not use plastic)
•Check ABC’s
•Treat for shock
•Get medical help
 Major Burns
Call 999 or emergency medical help.

Until an emergency unit arrives, follow these steps:

1. Don't remove burned clothing.

2. Don't immerse large severe burns in
cold water.
3. Check for signs of circulation
(breathing, coughing or movement).
4. Elevate the burned body part or parts.
5. Cover the area of the burn.
 Get a tetanus shot

Burns are susceptible to tetanus.

Doctors recommend you get a tetanus shot
every 10 years.

If your last shot was more than five

years ago, your doctor may recommend a
tetanus shot booster.
 Thermal Burns

Burn injuries can be classified as follow:

• Thermal (heat) burns caused by:

• Flames
• Hot objects
• Flammable vapor that ignites
• Steam or hot liquid
 Thermal Burn

What to Do:

1. Stop the burning

• Remove victim from burn source

• If open flame, smother with blanket, coat or
similar item, or have the victim roll on ground.

2. Determine the depth (degree) of the burn

 Chemical Burn

• The result of a caustic or corrosive substance

touching the skin caused by:

• Acids (batteries)
• Alkalis (drain cleaners- often more
extensive)
• Organic compounds (oil products)
 Chemical Burn

What to Do:
-- Remove the chemical by flushing the area with water

• Brush dry powder chemicals from the skin before flushing

• Take precautions to protect yourself from exposure to the
chemical

-- Remove the victim’s contaminated clothing and jewelry

while flushing with water
-- Flush for 20 minutes all (skin, eyes)
-- Cover the burned area with a dry,
• sterile dressing
-- Seek medical attention
 Chemical Splash in the Eye
If a chemical splashes into your eye, take these
steps immediately:

Flush your eye with water. Use clean, lukewarm tap

water for at least 20 minutes, and use whichever of these
approaches is quickest:

 Get into the shower and aim a gentle stream of lukewarm

water on your forehead over your affected eye. Or direct the
stream on the bridge of your nose if both eyes are affected.
Hold your affected eye or eyes open.

 Put your head down and turn it to the side. Then hold
your affected eye open under a gently running faucet.
 Chemical Splash in the Eye
 Young children may do best if they lie down in the
bathtub or lean back over a sink while you pour a gentle
stream of water on the forehead over the affected eye or on
the bridge of the nose for both eyes.

 Wash your hands with soap and water.

Thoroughly rinse your hands to be sure no chemical or
soap is left on them. Your first goal is to get the chemical
off the surface of your eye, but then you must remove the
chemical from your hands.

 Remove contact lenses. If they don't come out during

the flush, then take them out.
 Chemical Splash in the Eye
Caution:
•Don't rub the eye — this may cause further damage.

•Don't put anything except water or contact lens saline

rinse in the eye, and don't use eye drops unless emergency
personnel tell you to do so.

Seek emergency medical assistance:

After following the above steps, seek emergency care or, if

necessary, call 911 or your local emergency number. Take the
chemical container or the name of the chemical with you to the
emergency department. If readily available, wear sunglasses
because your eyes will be sensitive to light.
 Electrical Burn
-- A mild electrical shock can cause serious internal injuries.
There are three types of electrical injuries:
Thermal burn (flame) – Objects in direct contact with the
skin are ignited by an electrical current.
-- Mostly caused by the flames produced by the electrical
current and not by the passage of the electrical current or arc.

Arc burn (Flash) – Occurs when electricity jumps, or arcs,

from one spot to another.
--Mostly cause extensive
superficial injuries.

True Electrical Injury (contact) – Occurs when an electric

current truly passes through the body.
 Electrical Burn
What to Do:
1. Make sure the scene is safe:
• Look first. Don't touch.
• Unplug, disconnect, or turn off the power.
• If that is impossible, call the power
company or EMS for help.
-Do not contact high voltage wires
-Consider all wires live
-Do not handle downed lines
-Do not come in contact with person if the
electrical source is live
2. Check ABCs. (Airway Breathing Circulation)

3. If the victim fell, check for a spinal injury.

4. Treat the victim for shock by elevating the legs

8” – 12” if no spinal injury is suspected.
5. Cover the affected areas
6. Seek medical attention immediate
 Choking
What is it?
-- occurs when a foreign object becomes lodged in
the throat or windpipe, blocking the flow of air.

 General Precaution

--If someone is coughing, leave the person alone.

-- Do not perform the Heimlich Maneuver.

--Keep eyes on that person.

-- Ask the person if he/she needs help.
 Choking
 Signs and Symptoms
- Inability to talk
- Difficulty breathing or noisy breathing
- Inability to cough forcefully
- Skin, lips and nails turning blue or dusky
- Loss of consciousness

The universal sign for

choking is hands
clutched to the throat.
 Choking
Perform Heimlich Maneuver if you are
properly trained.
Conscious Victim:
(adult or over 1 year old)

Approach from behind

and wrap arms
around the victim’s waist.
Place one fist just
above the victim’s navel
with the thumb side
against the abdomen.
 Choking
Second hand over the fist.
Press into the victim’s
abdomen with one upward
thrust
Repeat thrust if
necessary.
Try to pop the
obstruction out with swift
thrusts in and up.
Continue until the
obstruction is relieved or
victim collapses.
Have someone call for
help.
Note: Always stay calm
 Choking
What to Do:
• Unconscious Victim:
• Ask someone to call 9-911 for help
• Lower victim to floor on back or left side and
perform Heimlich Maneuver
• Open airway with tongue-jaw lift
• Look inside mouth – if you cannot see anything, do
not do a finger sweep
• Try to give two full rescue breaths
• If these do not go in, reposition the head
and give another breath
• Perform abdominal thrusts
• Continue until successful or help arrives
 Clearing the Airway of a Choking infant
younger than age 1 (infant)

DO NOT perform these steps if the infant is coughing

forcefully or has a strong cry -- either of which can dislodge
the object on its own.

1. Remove the object with your finger

Assume a seated position and hold the infant
facedown on your forearm, which is resting on your thigh.

2. Thump the infant gently but firmly five times on the

middle of the back using the heel of your hand. The
combination of gravity and the back blows should release
the blocking object.
 Clearing the Airway of a Choking infant
younger than age 1 (infant)

3. Hold the infant face up

on your forearm
with the head lower than the
trunk if the above doesn't
work. Using two fingers
placed at the center of the
infant's breastbone.
4. Give up to 5 quick thrusts
down, compressing the chest
1/3 to 1/2 the depth of the
chest.

Continue this series of 5 back blows and 5 chest thrusts

until the object is dislodged or the infant loses consciousness.
 Clearing the Airway of a Choking infant
younger than age 1 (infant)

IF THE INFANT LOSES CONSCIOUSNESS

If the child becomes unresponsive, stops breathing, or

turns blue:
•Shout for help.
•Give infant CPR.
•Call 999 after one minute of CPR.
•If you can SEE the object
blocking the airway.
•Try to remove it with your finger.
Try to remove an object
ONLY if you can see it.
 CAUTION

•DO NOT interfere if the infant is coughing forcefully,

has a strong cry, or is breathing adequately. However,
be ready to act if the symptoms worsen.

•DO NOT try to grasp and pull out the object if the
infant is conscious.

•DO NOT perform back blows and chest thrusts if the

infant stops breathing for other reasons, such as
asthma, infection, swelling, or a blow to the head. DO
give infant CPR.
 Clearing the airway of a pregnant
woman or obese person:

1. Position your hands a little bit higher than with

a normal Heimlich maneuver, at the base of the
breastbone, just above the joining of the lowest ribs.

2. Proceed as with the Heimlich

maneuver, pressing hard into the chest, with a quick
thrust.

3. Repeat until the food or other blockage is dislodged

or the person becomes unconscious.
 How to perform abdominal thrusts
(Heimlich maneuver) on yourself:

• If you're alone and choking, you'll be unable to effectively

deliver back blows to yourself. However, you can still
perform abdominal thrusts to dislodge the item.

1.Place a fist slightly above your navel.

2. Grasp your fist with the other hand and bend over a
hard surface — a countertop or chair will do.

3. Shove your fist inward and upward.

 How to perform abdominal thrusts
(Heimlich maneuver) on yourself:

If these steps don't work,

a person should quickly lean
over a firm surface, such as
the back of a chair, side of a
table, or porch railing. Several
thrusts may be needed to clear
the airway.

It is important for a person who has choked to obtain medical care

from a healthcare professional. Occasionally, an object will enter
the lung instead of being expelled. This can
cause coughing, wheezing, or aspiration pneumonia.
•A fracture is a broken bone.
• It requires medical
attention.
• If the broken bone is the
result of major trauma or
injury, call 999 or your local
emergency number.
 Fractures
 Categories of fractures:

Closed (Simple) fracture

• The skin is intact and no wound exists anywhere
near the fracture site.
• Open (Compound) fracture
• The skin over the fracture has been damaged or
broken.
• The wound may result from bone protruding
through the skin.
• The bone may not always be visible in the wound.
 Fractures
 What to Look for:
General signs and Symptoms:
• Tenderness to touch.
• Swelling.
• Deformities may occur when bones are broken,
causing an abnormal shape.
• Open wounds break the skin.
• A grating sensation caused by broken bones rubbing
together
• can be felt and sometimes even heard.
• Do not move the injured limb in an attempt to
detect it.
• Loss of use.
 Fractures

Additional signs and symptoms include:

• -- The history of the injury can lead to suspect a

fracture whenever a serious accident has happened.
• -- The victim may have heard or felt the bone snap.
How to Treat a Closed Fracture

1. Assess for fracture.

2. Immobilize the injury. Any

movement is not only very painful but
can worsen the injury.

3. Decide whether or not to realign the

fractured bone, and realign if
necessary.

4. Clean and dress all wounds.

How to Treat a Closed Fracture

5. Remove tight clothing, watches, jewelry - anything that

could impede circulation.

6. Check circulation, sensation and motion beyond the

fracture site.

7. Splint the fracture.

8. Recheck circulation, sensation and motion beyond the

fracture site.

9. Elevate the fracture 6 to 10 inches to reduce swelling.

How to Treat a Closed Fracture

10. Apply cold packs or ice to the fracture, as long as

there is no risk of hypothermia or frostbite.

11. Monitor and treat for shock.

12. Give ibuprofen if pain is persistent and there are

no signs of shock.

13. Proceed with treatment for other injuries.

14. Evacuate.
 Tips and Warnings

•Don't apply cold packs directly to the skin: Wrap cold

packs in socks or other clothing.

•Leave the fracture site uncovered: It's important to be

able to monitor the area during evacuation.

•Some fractures - particularly of the pelvis or femur - are

frequently associated with severe bleeding. Treat for
bleeding as necessary and continue monitoring for
shock.

•This information is not intended as a substitute for

professional medical advice or treatment.
How to Treat an Open Fracture

1.Assess for fracture.

2. Immobilize the injury. Any

movement will be very painful and
can worsen the injury.

3 Disinfect at least a liter of water –

depending how large and dirty the
wound is - using iodine tablets.
How to Treat an Open Fracture

4. Clean the wound by thoroughly rinsing it with the

disinfected water, using an irrigation syringe.

5. Realign the fractured bone, unless it's a wrist or

shoulder fracture .

6. Clean and dress all wounds.

7. Remove tight clothing, watches, jewelry: anything that

could impede circulation.

8. Check circulation, sensation and motion beyond the

fracture site.
How to Treat an Open Fracture
9. Splint the fracture.
10. Re-check circulation, sensation and motion beyond the
fracture site.
11. Elevate the fracture 6-10" to reduce swelling.
12 Apply cold packs or ice to the fracture as long as there is
no risk of hypothermia or frostbite.
13. Monitor and treat for shock .
14. Give ibuprofen if pain is persistent and there are
no signs of shock.
15. If possible, administer oral antibiotics if more than
three hours from a hospital.
16. Evacuate.
 Tips and Warnings

•Contact the Wilderness Medicine Institute or the

National Outdoor Leadership School for information on
wilderness medicine courses and books.

•Don't apply cold directly to the skin: wrap cold packs in

socks or other clothing.

•Some fractures - particularly of the pelvis or femur - are

frequently associated with severe bleeding. Treat for
bleeding as necessary and keep monitoring for shock.
 Fractures

If the broken bone is the result of major trauma or

injury, call 999 or your local emergency number.
Also call for emergency help if:
 The person is unresponsive, isn't breathing or isn't
moving. Begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if
there's no respiration or heartbeat.
 There is heavy bleeding.
 Even gentle pressure or movement causes pain.
 The limb or joint appears deformed.
 Fractures

Don't move the person except if necessary to avoid

further injury. Take these actions immediately
while waiting for medical help:
•Stop any bleeding.
•Immobilize the injured area
•Apply ice packs to limit swelling and help relieve pain
until emergency personnel arrive.
•Treat for shock.
 Foreign object in the eye

If you get a foreign object in your eye:

• Wash your hands.
• Try to flush the object out of your eye with clean
water or saline solution.
• Use an eyecup or a small, clean drinking glass
positioned with its rim resting on the bone at the
base of your eye socket.
 Foreign object in the eye
To help someone else:

• Wash your hands.

• Seat the person in a well-lighted area.

• Gently examine the eye to find the object. Pull the

lower lid down and ask the person to look up. Then hold
the upper lid while the person looks down.

• If the object is floating in the tear film on the surface of

the eye, try flushing it out with saline solution or clean,
lukewarm water.
 Foreign object in the eye
Caution
•Don't try to remove an object that's embedded in the eyeball.
•Don't rub the eye.
•Don't try to remove a large object that makes closing the eye
difficult.

When to call for help

Call 999 or your local emergency number when:

•You can't remove the object.

•The object is embedded in the eyeball.
•The person with the object in the eye is experiencing abnormal
vision.
•Pain, redness or the sensation of an object in the eye persists
after the object is removed.
 Heart Attack

 Heart Attack – Usually that happens when one of the

coronary arteries is blocked by an obstruction or a spasm.

 Signs and symptoms of a heart attack include:

• Pressure in chest, fullness, squeezing, or pain that
lasts more than a few minutes or that goes away and
comes back.
• Pain spreading to the shoulders,
neck, or arms.
• Chest discomfort with lightheadedness,
fainting, sweating, nausea,
or shortness of breath.
 Heart Attack

What to Do:

• Call EMS or get to the nearest hospital emergency

department with 24-emergency cardiac care.
• Monitor victim’s condition.
• Help the victim to the least painful position, usually
sitting with legs up and bent at the knees.
• Loosen clothing around the neck and midriff.
• Determine if the victim is known to have coronary
heart disease and is using nitroglycerin.
• If the victim is unresponsive, check ABCs and start
CPR, if needed.
Basic First Aid for Wounds
 Types of Wound

Abrasion
-- The top layer of skin is removed
with little or no blood loss Abrasion
-- Scrape

Laceration
--A cut skin with jagged, irregular
edges and caused by a forceful
Laceration
tearing away of skin tissue.

Incisions
--Smooth edges and resemble
a surgical or paper cut.
Incision
 Types of Wound

Punctures
--Deep, narrow wounds such as
a stab wound from a nail or a
knife in the skin and underlying organs
Avulsion
--Flap of skin is torn loose and is either
hanging from the body or completely removed
Amputation
--Cutting or tearing off of a body part
such as a finger, toe, hand, foot, arm, or leg
 Basic First Aid for Wounds

• What to Do:
• Wear gloves (if possible) and expose wound
• Control bleeding
• Clean wounds
• To prevent infection
• Wash shallow wound gently with soap and water
• Wash from the center out / Irrigate with water
• Severe wound?
• Clean only after bleeding has stopped
 Basic First Aid for Wounds

• Wounds Care
• Remove small objects that do not flush out by
irrigation with sterile tweezers.
• If bleeding restarts, apply direct pressure.
• Use roller bandages (or tape dressing to the body)
• Keep dressings dry and clean
• Change the dressing daily, or more often if it gets wet
or dirty.
 Basic First Aid for Wounds

• Signs of Wound Infection:

•Swelling, and redness around the wound
•A sensation of warmth
•Throbbing pain
•Fever / chills
•Swollen lymph nodes
•Red streaks
•Tetanus (lock jaw), should receive injection in
first 72 hours.
 Dressings and Bandages

The purpose of a dressing is to:

•Control bleeding
•Prevent infection and contamination
•Absorb blood and fluid drainage
•Protect the wound from further injury
•Hold a dressing in place over an open wound
•Provide support and stability for an extremity or
joint
 Dressings and Bandages

What to Do:

•Always wear gloves (if possible)

•Use a dressing large enough to extend beyond the

wound’s edges.

•Cover the dressing with bandages.

 Amputation

•What to Do:

• Control the bleeding

• Treat the victim for shock

• Recover the amputated part and whenever

possible take it with the victim
 Amputation

To care for the amputated body part:

• Amputated part does not need to be cleaned

• Wrap the amputated part with a dry sterile gauze or
other clean cloth
• Put the wrapped amputated part in a plastic bag or
other waterproof container
• Keep the amputated part cool, but do not freeze
• Place the bag or container with the wrapped part on
a bed of ice
• Seek medical attention immediately
 Spinal Injuries

Spinal Injuries

• Head injuries may indicate that there are

possible spinal injuries

• It may have been moved suddenly in one or

more directions, damaging the spine.
 Spinal Injuries
What to Look For
 General signs & symptoms
• Painful movement of the arms or legs
• Numbness, tingling, weakness, or burning
sensation in the arms or legs
• Loss of bowel or bladder control
• Paralysis of the arms or legs
• Deformity (odd-looking angle of the
victim’s head & neck
 Spinal Injuries

• What to Do:
• Stabilize the victim against any movement.
• Check ABCs. (Airway Breathing Circulation)

• Unresponsive Victim:
• Look for cuts, bruise, and deformities.
• Test response by pinching the victim’s hand, and
bare foot.
• If no reaction, assume the victim may have spinal
damage.
 Spinal Injuries

• What to Do:
• Responsive Victim
• Upper Extremity Checks:
• Victim wiggles fingers.
• Victim feels rescuer squeeze fingers.
• Victim squeeze rescuer’s hand.
• Lower Extremity Checks:
• Victim wiggles toes.
• Victim feels rescuer squeezes toes.
• Victim pushes foot against rescuer’s hand.
 Stroke (Brain Attack)

• What is Stroke?
• Tissue damage to area
of the brain due to
disruption in blood
supply, depriving that
area of the brain of
oxygen.
 Stroke (Brain Attack)

 Signs and Symptoms of Stroke:

• Weakness or numbness of the
face, arm, or leg (usually on one
side of the body)
• Blurred or decreased vision,
especially in one eye.
• Problems speaking or
understanding
• Unexplained, severe headache
• Dizziness, unsteadiness,
or sudden fall
 Bites and Stings
What to Look For:
• Check the sting site to see if a stinger
and venom sac are embedded in the
skin.
• Bees are the only stinging insects
that leave their stingers and venom
sacs behind.
• Scrape the stinger and venom sac
away with a hard object such as a long
fingernail, credit card, scissor edge, or
knife blade.
• Reactions generally localized pain,
itching, and swelling.
• Allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) occurs
will be a life threatening.
Bites and Stings
What to Do:
• Ask the victim if he/she has had a
reaction before.
• Wash the sting site with soap and
water to prevent infection.
• Apply an ice pack over the sting
site to slow absorption of the
venom and relieve pain.
• Because bee venom is acidic, a
paste made of baking soda and
water can help.
• Seek medical attention if
necessary.
 Bites and Stings

• Tick bites
• Tick can remain embedded for days without the
victim’s realizing it.
• Most tick bites are harmless, although ticks can
carry serious diseases.
• Symptoms usually begin 3 to 12 days after a tick
bites.
 Bites and Stings

• Tick Bites
• What to Do:
• Fine-pointed tweezers- Grab as closely
to the skin as possible and pull straight
back, using steady but gentle force.

• Wash the bite site with soap and water.

• Apply rubbing alcohol to further
disinfect the area.

• Apply an ice pack to reduce pain.

 Bites and Stings
What to Do:
•Calamine lotion may provide relief from itching.
•Keep the area clean.
•Continue to watch the bite site for about
one month for a rash.
•If rash appears, see a physician.
•Also watch for other signs such as fever,
muscle aches, sensitivity to bright light, and
paralysis that begins with leg weakness.