Submitted by

• Rameshkumar
• Lakshmi prabha
• Abirami R
•Loganandhini
 RECTIFIERS ?

A.C D.C
WHY POWER FILTERS?
To minimize ripple content in output of
rectifiers.
Connected between rectifier and load.

POWER
RECTIFIER
FILTER
LOAD
DEFINITION:

Filter is an electronic component composed of

capacitor, inductor or combination of both,
connected in between rectifier and load to
covert the pulsating D.C to pure D.C.
How they are connected to rectifiers and load
resistor ?
Capacitance Inductance
 Capacitor acts as a open  Inductor acts as a short circuit
circuit for DC because it for DC because it shorts DC
blocks DC
 It should not be connected in
 It should not be connected in
series
parallel
 It should be connected in
 It should be connected in
shunt (parallel) with load
series with load resistor
resistor
Types of filters
Basic types of filters :

1. Capacitance input filter

2. Inductance input filter (choke input filter)

Note : Choke input filter are bulky, expensive and consumes more
power
 Capacitor Filter - Power supply filters

 Capacitance gets charged during conduction

 Delivers this energy to the load during the non-conducting period
 The function of the capacitor filter may be viewed in terms of
impedance to the ripple component of frequency f
 This ripple, component of current, therefore, gets bypassed through
C and only dc component flows through the load resistor RL.
Half wave rectifier with capacitor filter
Result of Approximate Analysis
Total change in vo is VR as shown in figure 2. The average or the d.c. value of vo is
almost midway between the peak value Vm and the minimum value given by point A
and B respectively. Thus we get,

……(1)

Where VR represent the ripple component of output voltage.

Corresponding equation for current is,

……(2)

Let T2 represent the total period of nonconducting. Then capacitor C while

discharging at constant rate Idc losses charge amounting to IdcT2. Hence the
change VR in capacitor voltage equal Idc T2/C. Thus,

…..(3)
As the value of C is increased, filter action improves, period of conduction T1
decreases and period of nonconducting T2 increases approaching the full period
time. Thus assuming ,T2=T=1/f where f is the supply frequency, we get,

…….(4)

Hence, from equation 1,

……(5)

From equation 4 we conclude that the ripple voltage VR varies directly

with the load current Idc and inversely with the capacitance C is
chosen to be very large, typically tens of microfarad, using
electrolytic capacitors.
 Ripple Factor - half wave rectifier with capacitor
filter
The rms value of the ripple component of almost triangular wave is
independent of the slope or the length of the almost straight-line AB and BC
but depends only on the peak value VR. Taking the time axis along the Vdc
curve, it can be shown that for this triangular wave, the rms value of the a.c.
component of voltage is given by,

…..(6)

Hence ripple factor …….(7 …….(7)

Substituting the value of VR from equation (4) into equation (7) we get,

Ripple factor = ……(8)

PIV Rating using capacitor filter, the PIV rating needed for diode is
2Vm.
Capacitor filter merits and
demerits
Advantages Disadvantages
At light loads, capacitor filter  Relatively poor regulation
has a merit of  High ripple at large loads and
 Small ripple voltage and  Peaked diode current
 High output voltage.
 The no load voltage
theoretically equals the peak
voltage Vm.
Full wave Rectifier with Capacitor Filter - Power supply filters
 Approximate analysis of full wave rectifier with capacitor
filter yields the following results:

……(9)

……(10)

…….(11)

……..(12)

…….(13)
……..(14)
Hence ripple factor,

Equation (12) shows that the voltage regulation in this case is better than that in
full wave rectifier.
 Series Inductor Filter - Power supply filters

Figure 5 gives the circuit of a full wave rectifier with series inductor filter. Here
a high value inductor or choke is connected in series between the rectifier and
load resistor. This inductor opposes the changes of current and thus
smoothens the output

Stated alternatively, this chowk offers a high impedance to the ripple

components but offers almost zero impedance to the desired d.c. component.
Thus, the ripple components are removed to a large extent. Figure 6 shows the
nature of output voltage vo (= iL RL). Simple series inductor filter is not
popularly used. It is preferred to associate a shunt capacitor C with series
inductor L thereby converting it into an L-C filter.
 L-C Filters - Power supply filters

These L-C filters may be of the following two

types:
1. Capacitor input L-C filter
2. Inductor input L-C filter
Simple shunt capacitor filter reduces the ripple voltage but increases the
current through the diode. This large current may damage the diode and at
the same time it causes greater heating of the power transformer resulting
in decreased efficiency. On the other hand, a simple series inductor
reduces both the peak and the effective values of the output current and
output voltage. Hence, a combination of shunt capacitor C and series
inductor L results in enough removal of ripple and simultaneously restriction
on the diode current.
Capacitor input L-C filter-Figure 8

Inductor input L-C filter – Figure 9

 The Filter - Power supply filters

Merits of filter compared to multi-section L-C filter of the same total values of L and C
•Higher d.c. voltage approximating Vm.
•Smaller ripple factor
Drawbacks of filter
•Poor voltage regulation
•Higher peak inverse voltage
•High peak diode current
To summarize. .
THANK YOU