Projectile Motion Lecture

SACE Stage 2 Physics
Motion in 2 Dimensions
1
Motion in 2 - Dimensions
 Errors in Measurement
Suppose we want to find the area of a piece of paper (A4)

Length = 297 ± 0.5 mm
Width = 210 ± 0.5 mm
Areamax = 62623.75 mm2
Areamin = 62116.75 mm2
Area = 62370 ± 253.5 mm2
2
 Significant Figures
When calculating data, the accuracy of the answer is only as accurate as
the information that is least accurate.
307.63 – 5 significant figures
0.00673 – 3 significant figures
12000 – can be 2,3,4, or 5 significant figures depending on whether the
zeros are just place holders for the decimal point.
12.45 x 1012 – has 4 significant figures
3
 Scientific Notation
The diameter of the solar system is 5 946 000 000 000 metres.
Can write this as 5.946 x 1012m.
The decimal place has moved 12 places to the left.
Calculations
a b
10 10  10
a b
10 a  10b  10 a b
(10 a ) b  10 ab
4
Example
kq1q2
Evaluate r 2 where,
k = 9.00 x 109,
q1 = 1.60 x 10-19,
q2 = 3.20 x 10-19,
r = 6.273 x 10-11
5
Example
kq1q2 (9 109 )  (1.60 10 19 )  (3.2 10 19 )
kq1q2 
Evaluate r 2
(6.273 10 11 ) 2
r 2 where,
9 1.6  3.2 109 10 19 10 19
 
6.273 2
(10 11 ) 2
k = 9.00 x 109,
10  29
q1 = 1.60 x 10-19,  1.171  22
10
q2 = 3.20 x 10-19,
 1.17 10 7
r = 6.273 x 10-11
Answer given to three significant figures
as the least accurate piece of data was
given to three sig. figs.
6
 Equations of Motion
s v1  v2
Average Velocity
v 
t 2
v ν2  ν1
Average Acceleration a 
t t
7
Using average velocity and average acceleration to derive two other
equations.
(a) Assuming velocity and acceleration remain constant,
s v1  v2 v  v1
 and a  2
t 2 t
Become,
2s v  v1
v2   v1 and a  2
t t
8
Combining,
2 s
 v1  v1  at
t
2s
  2v1  at
t
 2s  2v1t  at 2
1
 s  v1t  at 2
2
9
s v1  v2 2s
(b)
   t 1
t 2 v1  v2
v2  v1 v2  v1
a  t  2
t a
equation (1) = equation (2)
2s v2  v1

v1  v2 a
10
Hence, 2as  v2  v1 v1  v2 
v2  v1  2as
2 2
Ie,
Note:
(1) the acceleration is constant,
(2) the directions for velocity and acceleration are used
correctly
11
 Uniform Gravitational Field
1. Gravity acts vertically downwards.
2. A mass can only accelerate in the direction of gravity in the absence of

all other forces (including air resistance).
3. Gravity g = 9.8 ms-2 vertically down.
12
 Uniform Gravitational Field – vector diagram
vv vv
vH vH
a=g
= 9.8 m.s-2 vv vH vH vv
a=g
= 9.8 m s-2
vv vH vH vv
vH vH
v1 v2
13
 Uniform Gravitational Field – multi-image
photograph
1. Vertical separation
the same for both
balls at the same
time interval.
2. Horizontal
separation constant.
3. Vertical and
horizontal
components are
independent of each
other.
14
 Vector Resolution
A vector can be resolved into components at right angles to each other.
v
vv = v sin q
vh = v cos q
15
 Example 1 – Known vector
Trigonometric ratios,
v = 40 m s-1
vvertical vvertical = 40 sin 30o
= 20 m s-1
30o
vhorizontal = 40 cos 30o

vhorizonta = 34.6 m s-1
l
16
 Example 2 – Unknown vector
Pythagoras’ Theory,
v 2  vh2  vv2
 v  vh2  vv2
v=?
vv= 20m s-1
v  50 2  20 2
q
v  53.9ms 1
vh= 50m s-1
tan q  20
50
 q  tan 1 2050

 q  21.80 17
 Time of Flight
Note:
1. Acceleration present is from gravity and remains constant.
2. Horizontal velocity remains constant (Ignore air resistance)
3. Vertical motion is independent of horizontal motion.
4. The launch height is the same as the impact height.
We can now determine the time of flight by only considering the vertical
motion of the projectile.
18
 Time of Flight
Can use the following equations for the vertical motion, (a = -g = 9.8ms-2)
s v1  v2 v2  v1
(1) v   (2) a 
t 2 t
1
(3) s  v1t  at 2 (4) v2  v1  2as
2 2
Can use the following equation for the horizontal velocity,
s v1  v2
v 
t 2
19
 Time of Flight
We assume the launch point has position s1 = 0. The projectile is
launched with some initial horizontal velocity (vh1) and some initial
vertical velocity (vv1). The only acceleration is due to gravity acting
vertically downwards. It reaches a maximum height at the time
tmax, when,
v v 2  v v1
a  g 
a = 9.8ms-2 t max
down
 v v1
vv1 g (take a =-g assuming
t max acceleration down & vv1 up - ie.
up is a positive direction)
v v1
vh1 t max 
g
20
 Time of Flight
At the time the maximum height is reached,
vv1 1
tmax  into s  v1t  at 2
g 2
gives,
v1v 1 v1v 2
height  v1v ( )  g ( )
g 2 g
21
 Time of Flight
1
Time of impact occurs when S = 0. ie, 0  v v1 t  gt
2
2
This equation has two solutions, at t = 0 and
2v v 1
t  equation for the time of flight
g
2v v 1 v v1
Comparing the two equations, t  and t max 
g g
The time of flight is exactly twice the time taken to reach the
maximum height.
22
 Range
The range is simply the horizontal distance attained at the time
t = tflight.
2v h1v v1
s range  v h1t flight 
g
23
 Example
A rugby player kicks a football from ground level with a speed of 35 ms-1 at an
angle of elevation of 250 to the horizontal ground surface. Ignoring air
resistance determine;
(a) the time the ball is in the air,
(b) the horizontal distance travelled by the ball before hitting the ground
(c) the maximum height reached by the ball.
24
 Example
(a) the time the ball is in the air,
vH = v cosq
= 35cos(25) = 31.72 m s-1 35 m s-1
vv = v sin(25) vv m s-1
= 35(sin25) = 14.79 m s-1 25o
Using vertical components to determine time to reach vH m s-1

maximum height
vv = vo + at
 t = 14.79/9.8 = 1.509 = 1.5 s
Hence time in the air = 2(1.509) = 3.02 s

25
 Example
(b) the horizontal distance travelled by the ball before hitting the ground
sH = vHt
= (31.72)(2(1.5)) = 2(47.8766) = 2(47.9)
= 96 m
(c) the maximum height reached by the ball.

1
s  v o t  a t 2
2
 s = (14.79)(1.5) + (0.5)(-9.8)(1.5)2 = 11.16
= 11.2 m
26
 Launch Angle and Range
The following diagram shows the trajectories of projectiles as a function of
elevation angle. Note that the range is maximum for q = 45o and that
angles that are equal amounts above or below 45o yield the same range,
eg, 30o and 60o.
Projectile ranges
for various angles of launch
500
450
400 Ignoring air
350 resistance
300
height
250
200
150
100
50
0
27
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
range
 Air Resistance
1. Affects all moving through air.

2. The force due to air resistance always acts in the opposite
direction to the velocity of the object.
3. Air resistance is proportional to the speed of the object
squared.
4. As speed changes, the air resistance must also change.
28
 Air Resistance
300
Projectile ranges
with / without air resistance
250
1. Horizontal velocity
no
always decreasing.
200
air resistance 2. No vertical air
height
150 resistance at max

height as vv = 0.
100
with 3. Time of Flight is
50 air resistance reduced.
4. Range also reduced.
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
range
29
 Application: Projectiles in Sport
1. Launch height affects the range of the football.

2. Maximum distance achieved for elevation angle of 45o.
3. Air resistance will depend on the type of projectile, ie, basketball,
football, ball of paper.
30

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SACE Stage 2 Physics

Suppose we want to find the area of a piece of paper (A4)

equation (1) = equation (2)

Hence, 2as  v2  v1 v1  v2 

1. Gravity acts vertically downwards.

2. A mass can only accelerate in the direction of gravity in the absence of

3. Gravity g = 9.8 ms-2 vertically down.

 Uniform Gravitational Field – vector diagram

vhorizontal = 40 cos 30o

Can use the following equation for the horizontal velocity,

Using vertical components to determine time to reach vH m s-1

Hence time in the air = 2(1.509) = 3.02 s

(c) the maximum height reached by the ball.

1. Affects all moving through air.

150 resistance at max

1. Launch height affects the range of the football.

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