UE College of Dentistry

SY 2010-2011
Deals with the study of general physiologic
principles, cell physiology, and organ
system physiology for foundational
knowledge in understanding the integrated
organ system functions of the human body.
 To learn the normal functions and
mechanisms of action of all organ systems
of the body, to serve as a basis for
understanding subsequent clinical subjects,
and therefore provide a sound formation
for the practice of dental medicine.
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and
social well-being and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity.
-World Health Organization
Course Credit
4 units
Contact Hours
2hours of lecture/week
6 hours of laboratory/week
Prerequisite Subjects
Anatomy
Microscopic Anatomy
Biochemistry
Activities
Lecture
Reports
Group Discussions
Laboratory Experiments

Evaluation
Lecture: Quizzes, Exam
Laboratory: Lab Exercises, Exam
25% CS lecture
25% (exam) lecture
25% CS lab
25% (exam) lab
100%
Textbook of Medical Physiology 11th ed.
Guyton and Hall
Prelim •General Principles and Cellular Physiology
•Nerve Physiology
•Muscle Physiology
•The Nervous System
•The Autonomic Nervous System

Midterm •Blood Physiology

•Heart Physiology
•The Circulatory System
•The Respiratory System

Finals •Renal Physiology

•Gastrointestinal Physiology
•The Endocrine System
•The Reproductive System
•The General Senses
 General Physiology
UE College of Dentistry
S.Y 2010-2011
I. Human Physiology and Homeostasis
II. The Cell: basic organization, its organelles and
functions
III. The Cell Membrane: Structure, hemical
composition, properties, and function
IV. Transport systems of the cell: types, characteristics,
influencing factors
V. Body Fluid Compartments; Characteristics of the
extracellular and intracellular fluids
In human physiology, we attempt to explain the
specific characteristics and mechanisms of the human
body that make it a living being.
maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the
internal environment.
Origin of nutrients:
 Respiratory System
 Gastrointestinal System
 Liver and other organs
 Musculoskeletal System
Removal of Metabolic end products:
 Lungs
 Kidneys
Regulation of Body Functions:
 Nervous System
 Endocrine System
Control Systems
 allow the functional systems to operate in support of
one another.
 Characteristics:
Negative Feedback
Positive Feedback
Organization, Composition, Function
Protoplasm
Cell membrane/ Plasma
membrane
Cytoplasm and Its
Contents
Nucleus
Water
Ions/Electrolytes
Proteins
 Structural and functional
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Cytosol
Organelles
Inclusions
Cytoskeleton
Granular/ Rough E.R
 Ribosomes
 Protein synthesis
Agranular/ Smooth E.R
 Lipid synthesis etc.
Functions in association
with endoplasmic
reticulum
Processing of substances
from the E.R
 Lysosomes
 Formed from Golgi
 Intracellular digestive
system
 Membrane bound
 Hydrolase
(Hydrolytic)enzymes
 Peroxisomes
 Formed from S.E.R. or
self-replication
 Oxidase enzymes
From the E.R-Golgi
system
Powerhouse of the cell
 ATP
2 lipid bilayer
membranes
Microfilaments
 Actin , Myosin
Microtubules
 Cilium, flagellum
 Centrioles, mitotic
spindle
Nuclear Membrane
Nucleus
 Genes (DNA)
Nucleolus
 RNA
Structure, Chemical Composition, Properties, and Function
I. Structure
II. Composition
 Lipid (phospholipid
cholesterol, etc)
 Proteins
Integral proteins
Peripheral proteins
 Carbohydrates

III. Function
Types, Characteristics, Influencing Factors
Passive Transport
 Simple Diffusion
 Osmosis
 Facilitated diffusion
Active Transport
 Primary Active Transport
 Secondary Active Transport
 Factors affecting
diffusion:
 Concentration gradient
across the membrane
 Surface area of the
membrane
 Solubility in the
membrane or
permeability
 Thickness
 Molecular weight
 Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane
 From a region of high water concentration to a region of
lower water concentration
 Water concentration is determined by solute
concentration (1/α)
 Water concentration is inversely proportional to solute
concentration
Characteristics of Carrier (Protein) Mediated
Transport

 Chemical specificity
 Saturation kinetics
Voltage-gating • Chemical/Ligand- gating
Cotransport Countertransport
Endocytosis Exocytosis
 Pinocytosis
 Phagocytosis
 Homeostasis  The Cell
 Functional systems  Protoplasm
▪ Origin of nutrients  Cell Membrane
▪ Removal of end-  Cytoplasm
products ▪ Organelles
 Regulation of functions ▪ Endoplasmic Reticulum
▪ Nervous System ▪ Golgi Apparatus
▪ Endocrine System ▪ Lysosomes &
 Control systems Peroxisomes
▪ Secretory Vesicles
▪ Negative feedback
▪ Mitochondria
▪ Positive feedback
▪ Cytoskeleton
 Nucleus
 Cell Membrane  Transport Systems
 Lipids  Passive Transport
 Proteins ▪ Simple Diffusion
▪ Integral proteins ▪ Osmosis
▪ Peripheral proteins ▪ Facilitated Diffusion
 Carbohydrates  Active Transport
▪ Primary Active Transport
▪ Secondary Active
Transport
▪ Cotransport
▪ Countertransport
▪ Other Trnasport
Mechanisms
▪ Endocytosis
▪ Exocytosis
Characteristics of the Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids
Total Body Water
 Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
= 2/3 of TBW
 Extracellular Fluid
(ECF) = 1/3 of TBW
Interstitial Fluid = 3/4 of
ECF
Plasma Fluid= 1/4 of
ECF

* separators
Water
Proteins
Ions
Others
ICF and ECF
 Movement of fluid: across cell membranes
Freely permeable to H2O
Impermeable to NaCl
ECF [Plasma and ISF]
 Movement of fluid: across capillary membranes
Freely permeable to H2O and NaCl
Impermeable to Plasma Proteins
Solution
Content, Types
Application
Osmosis
Osmolality
Osmolality [particles / kg of H20]
Osmolarity [ particles/ L of H20]
Osmole [mOsm]
1 mOsm= 19.3 mm Hg
Osmotic Pressure
 Solution
Normal Osmolarity: 300 mOsm

Osmotic Equilibrium
(b/w ICF and ECF)
300 mOsm

(Isotonic vs. Hypotonic vs. Hypertonic)

Equilibrium: 300 mOsm
Basic Principles:
- Handling of Water and Solute (major solute of body)
Application:
 Addition of isotonic solution to the ECF
 Addition of hypotonic solution to the ECF
 Addition of hypertonic solution to the ECF
 Loss of hypertonic fluid from the body
Body Fluid Compartments
 Total Body Water
Intracellular Fluid
Extracellular Fluid
 Interstitial Fluid
 Plasma
 Volume versus Solute Concentration
Membrane Transport Systems and
Body Fluids
I-Membrane Transport Systems (5)
1. Illustrate
2. Describe
3. Give Specific Examples
II- Clinical Application of Variations in Solute
and Volume Compositions.

- Complete the table with the corresponding

answer (in arrows)
- Explain each answer ( in text/ narrative
form)
 SITUATION ECF BODY ICF
VOL OSM. VOL

1. LOSS OF ISOTONIC FLUID

• Hemorrhage, Diarrhea, Vomiting

2. LOSS OF HYPOTONIC FLUID

• Dehydration from Sweating

3. INGESTION OF SALT TABLETS

4. PERSON DRINKING 4 LITERS OF TAP WATER