R.

Rama Putranto
Drg.,M.Kes.,Ph.D(orth).,Sp.OF

MASTICATION
 MASTICATION (PENGUNYAHAN)
1. The process of chewing food in
preparation for swallowing and digestion.
2. The act of chewing accomplished by the
coordinated activity of the tongue,
mandible, mandibular musculature, and
structural components of the
temporomandibular joints, and controlled
by the neuromuscular mechanism.
Mastication or chewing

 is the process by which food is mashed and

crushed by teeth. It is the first step of digestion
and it increases the surface area of foods to
allow more efficient break down by enzymes.
During the mastication process, the food is
positioned between the teeth for grinding by the
cheek and tongue. As chewing continues, the
food is made softer and warmer, and the
enzymes in saliva begin to break down
carbohydrates in the food. After chewing, the
food (now called a bolus) is swallowed. It enters
the esophagus and continues on to the stomach,
where the next step of digestion occurs.
Muscles of mastication

 Mastication is accomplished through the

activity of the four muscles of mastication.
The chief muscles of mastication are:
 Masseter.
 Pterygoideus externus.
 Temporalis.
 Pterygoideus internus.
The Pterygoideus externus (External pterygoid
muscle) is a short, thick muscle, somewhat
conical in form, which extends almost
horizontally between the infratemporal fossa
and the condyle of the mandible.
The Pterygoideus internus (Internal pterygoid
muscle) is a thick, quadrilateral muscle.
It arises from the medial surface of the lateral
pterygoid plate and the grooved surface of the
pyramidal process of the palatine bone;
The Temporalis (Temporal muscle) is a broad, radiating muscle, situated at the side
of the head. It arises from the whole of the temporal fossa (except that portion of it
which is formed by the zygomatic bone) and from the deep surface of the temporal
fascia. Its fibers converge as they descend, and end in a tendon, which passes deep
to the zygomatic arch and is inserted into the medial surface, apex, and anterior
border of the coronoid process, and the anterior border of the ramus of the
mandible nearly as far forward as the last molar tooth.
Mastication is a repetitive sequence of jaw opening
and closing with a profile in the vertical plane called
the chewing cycle. Mastication consists of a number
of chewing cycles. The human chewing cycle consists
of three phases:
1. Opening phase: the mouth is opened and the
mandible is depressed.
2. Closing phase: the mandible is raised towards the
maxilla.
3. Occlusal or intercuspal phase: the mandible is
stationary and the teeth from both upper and lower
arches approximate.
Nerves

 The muscles of mastication are supplied by

the mandibular nerve.
 Actions
 The Temporalis, Masseter, and Pterygoideus internus raise
the mandible against the maxillæ with great force.
 The Pterygoideus externus assists in opening the mouth,
but its main action is to draw forward the condyle and
articular disk so that the mandible is protruded and the
inferior incisors projected in front of the upper; in this
action it is assisted by the Pterygoideus internus.
 The mandible is retracted by the posterior fibers of the
Temporalis. If the Pterygoidei internus and externus of one
side act, the corresponding side of the mandible is drawn
forward while the opposite condyle remains comparatively
fixed, and side-to-side movements. Such as occur during
the trituration of food, take place.
TEETH
There are three main categories of
digestive enzymes:
1. amylase,
2. protease, and
3. lipase:
 Enzymes
FOOD % OF DAILY DIGESTED BY
GROUP DIET

Protein 20-25 % Protease

Carbohydrates 50-60 % Amylase

Fat 20-30 % Lipase

Amylase

 found in saliva and in pancreatic and

intestinal juices, break down carbohydrates.
Different types of amylase break down
different sugars. Lactose breaks down lactose
(milk sugar), maltase breaks down maltose
(malt sugar), and sucrase breaks down
sucrose (cane and beet sugar).
Protease

 found in the stomach juices and

the pancreatic and intestinal
juices, helps digest protein.
Lipase

 found in the stomach and

pancreatic juices, and also
present in fats in foods, aids in
fat digestion.