Exponential

and

Logarithmic
Functions
By: Jeffrey Bivin
Lake Zurich High School

jeff.bivin@lz95.org

Last Updated: January 30, 2008

 With your Graphing Calculator
graph each of the following

y = 2x
y = 3x
y = 5x
y = 1x
Determine what is happening when the
base is changing in each of these graphs.

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 y = 3x

y = 2x

x y = 2x y = 3x
-2 1/4 1/9
-1 ½ 1/3
0 1 1
1 2 3
2 4 9
3 8 27

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 y = 3x
y= 5x
y = 2x

x y = 5x y = 1x
-2 1/25 1
-1 1/5 1 y = 1x

0 1 1
1 5 1
2 25 1
3 125 1

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 y = 3x
y= 5x
y = 4x
y = 10x y = 2x
y = (3/2)x
Determine
where each of
the following
would lie? y = 1x

y=10x
y=4x
y = (3/2)x

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
 f(x) = 2 x

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 f(x) = 2 x-3

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 f(x) = 2x+2 -
3

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 f(x) = -(2)x-4 –2

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Compound Interest
You deposit $5000 into an account that pays 4.5 %
interest. What is the balance of the account after
10 years if the interest is compounded quarterly?

A  P1  
r nt
n

A = Final amount = unknown

P = Principal = $5000
r = rate of interest = .045
n = number of times compounded per year = 4
t = number of years compounded = 10
 Compound Interest
You deposit $5000 into an account that pays 4.5 %
interest. What is the balance of the account after
10 years if the interest is compounded quarterly?

A  P1  
r nt
n

A = unknown A  50001  
0.045 410
4
P = $5000
r = .045 A  $ 7821.88
n=4
t = 10
 Compound Interest
You deposit $5000 into an account that pays 4.5 %
interest. What is the balance of the account after
10 years if the interest is compounded quarterly?
weekly?

A  P1  
r nt
n

A  50001  
0.045 5210
A = unknown
52
P = $5000
r = .045 A  $ 7840.04
n = 452
t = 10
 With your Graphing Calculator
graph each of the following

y = (1/2)x
y = (1/3)x
y = 1x

Determine what is happening when the

base is changing in each of these graphs.

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 y = (1/3)x y = 5x
y = 3x
y = (½)x y = 2x

x y = (½)x y = (1/3)x

-2 4 9
-1 2 3 y = 1x

0 1 1
1 ½ 1/3
2 ¼ 1/9
3 1/8 1/27

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 f(x) = 2-x = (1/2) x

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 f(x) = x-3
(½) - 2= (2) -x+3 -2

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 A new Number

e  0
1
n!

1 1 1 1 1 1
e        
0! 1! 2! 3! 4! 5!
1 1 1 1 1 1
e       
1 1 2 6 24 120
We could use a spreadsheet to determine an approximation.
 A new Number


e 
0
1
n!  2.718
 y = 3x
Graph y = e x y = ex y = 2x

x y = 2x y = 3x
-2 ¼ 1/9
-1 ½ 1/3
0 1 1
1 2 3
2 4 9
3 8 27

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 y = ex+2
Graph: y = ex

y = ex+2
x+2=0
x = -2

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Compound Interest-continuously
You deposit $5000 into an account that pays 4.5 %
interest. What is the balance of the account after 10
years if the interest is compounded continuously?

A  Pe rt

A = Final amount = unknown

P = Principal = $5000
r = rate of interest = .045
t = number of years compounded = 10
 Compound Interest-continuously
You deposit $5000 into an account that pays 4.5 %
interest. What is the balance of the account after 10
years if the interest is compounded continuously?

A  Pe rt
0.04510
A = unknown
A  5000e
P = $5000 A  $ 7841.56
r = .045
t = 10
 Bacteria Growth
You have 150 bacteria in a dish. It the constant of
growth is 1.567 when t is measured in hours. How
many bacteria will you have in 7 hours?

y  ne kt

y = Final amount = unknown

n = initial amount = 150
k = constant of growth = 1.567
t = time = 7
 Bacteria Growth
You have 150 bacteria in a dish. It the constant of
growth is 1.567 when t is measured in hours. How
many bacteria will you have in 7 hours?

y  ne kt

1.5677
y = unknown y  150e
n = 150
k = 1.567
y  8,706,977.678
t=7
8,706,977.678 bacteria
 y = 2x x = 2y
x y x y
-2 1/4 1/4 -2
-1 ½ ½ -1
0 1 1 0
1 2 2 1
2 4 4 2
3 8 8 3

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 y = 2x x = 2y

How do we
solve this
exponential
equation
for the variable y?

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 LOGARITHMS
exponential logarithmic

b A m
log b ( A)  m

b>0
A>0
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
 exponential logarithmic

b A
m
log b ( A)  m

3  9
2
log 3 (9)  2

53  125 log 5 (125)  3

3
2  1
8
log 2 18    3

 1 5
2  32 log 1 (32)   5
2

x2 y
log 2 ( x)  y
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
 Evaluate
log 5 (25)  u

5  25
u

5 5
u 2

u2
log 5 (25)  2

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Evaluate
log 3 (81)  u

3  81
u

3 3
u 4

u4
log 3 (81)  4

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Evaluate
log 2 321   u

2 
u 1
32

2 
u 1
25
5
2 2
u

u  5
log 2  321    5
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
 Evaluate
log 7 (7)  u

7 7
u

7 7
u 1

u 1
log 7 (7)  1

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Evaluate
log 8 (1)  u

8 1
u

8 8
u 0

u0
log 8 (1)  0

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Evaluate
log n (n )  u
5

n n
u 5

u5

log n (n 5 )  5

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 y = 2x x = 2y
y=log2x
x y x y
-2 1/4 1/4 -2
-1 ½ ½ -1
0 1 1 0
1 2 2 1
2 4 4 2
3 8 8 3

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 x = 2y
y = log2x
x
1/4 -2 y = log2x
y = log3x
½ -1
y = log5x
1 0
2 1
4 2
8 3

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 x = (½)y
y = log½x
x
1/4 2
½ 1
1 0
2 -1
y = log½x
4 -2
8 -3

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Solve for x
log2(x+5) = 4
24 = x + 5
16 = x + 5
11 = x

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Solve for x
logx(32) = 5
x5 = 32
x5 = 25
x = 2

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Evaluate
log3(25) = u
3u = 25
3u = 52
??????

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Change of Base Formula
log b x
log a x 
log b a

log 10 x
log a x 
log 10 a
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
 Evaluate
log 10 25
log3(25) 
log 10 3

= 2.930

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Evaluate
log 10 568
log5(568)  log 5
10

= 3.941

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Properties of Logarithms
• Product Property
• Quotient Property
• Power Property
• Property of Equality

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Product Property

m n
a a  a
m n

multiplication addition

log b (m  n)  log b (m)  log b (n)

multiplication addition

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Product Property
log 2 (16  4)  log 2 (16)  log 2 (4)
log 2 (2  2 )  log 2 (2 )  log 2 (2 )
4 2 4 2

log 2 (2 ) 
6
4  2
6  6

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Quotient Property

m
a mn
division
n
 a subtraction
a

log ( )  log b (m)  log b (n)

m
b n
division subtraction

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Quotient Property

log 2 4   log 2 (32)
32
 log 2 (4)
log 2 8  log 2 (2 )  log 2 (2 )
5 2

log 2 (2 ) 
3
5  2
3  3

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Power Property

a 
m n
a mn

p logb(m p )

logb(mp ) = p•logb(m)

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Power Property

   7 log
log 2 2 7
2 (2)
7  7 1
7 7

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Property of Equality

if log b ( A)  log b (C )

then AC

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Expand
3 2
log 5 ( x y )

product property log 5 ( x )  log 5 ( y )

3 2

power property 3 log 5 ( x)  2 log 5 ( y)

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Expand
log 5  
x5 y 3
z4

quotient property log 5 ( x y )  log 5 ( z )

5 3 4

product property log 5 ( x )  log 5 ( y )  log 5 ( z )

5 3 4

power property 5 log 5 ( x)  3 log 5 ( y)  4 log 5 ( z )

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Expand
log  
x7
5 y2 z5

quotient property log 5 ( x )  log 5 ( y z )

7 2 5

product property 7

log 5 ( x )  log 5 ( y )  log 5 ( z )
2 5

distributive property log 5 ( x )  log 5 ( y )  log 5 ( z )
7 2 5

power property 7 log 5 ( x)  2 log 5 ( y)  5 log 5 ( z )

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Condense
5 log 3 x  6 log 3 y  2 log 3 z

power property log 3 x  log 3 y  log 3 z

5 6 2

product property 
log 3 x y 5 6
  log 3 z 2

quotient property log 3  

x5 y 6
z2

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Condense
1
2 log 10 x  2 log 10 y  4 log 10 z
1
Power property log 10 x  log 10 y  log 10 z
2 2 4

log 10 x  log 10 y  log 10 z 

1
2 4
group / factor
2

log 10 x  log 10 y z 
1
product property 2 2 4

quotient property log 10  y 2 z 4 


1
x2

 log   x
10 y 2 z 4

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Condense
3 log e x  2 log e y  5 log e z  4 log e w
Power property log e x  log e y  log e z  log e w
3 2 5 4

re-organize log e x  log e z  log e y  log e w

3 5 2 4

group log e x  log e z

3
  log y  log
5
e
2
e w 4

product property log e x z   log y w 
3 5
e
2 4

quotient property log  

x3 z 5
e y 2 w4

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Solve for x
log 3 3x  9  log 3 x  3
Property of 3x  9  x  3
Equality
2 x  12
x  6

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Solve for x
log 3 3x  9  log 3 x  3
check x  6
log 3 3(6)  9  log 3 6  3
log 3 18  9  log 3 6  3
log 3 9  log 3 9

checks!

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Solve for x
log 3 3x  9  log 3 x  3
3x  9  x  3
2 x  12
x  6

6 
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
 Solve for n
log 4 7  log 4 n  2  log 4 6n
Condense
left side log 4 7(n  2)  log 4 6n
Property of 7n  14  6n
Equality
n  14

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Solve for n
log 4 7  log 4 n  2  log 4 6n
check n  14
log 4 7  log 4 14  2  log 4 6(14)
log 4 7  log 4 12  log 4 84
log 4 7(12)  log 4 84
log 4 84  log 4 84
checks!
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
 Solve for n
log 4 7  log 4 n  2  log 4 6n
log 4 7(n  2)  log 4 6n
7n  14  6n
n  14

14 
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
 Solve for x
log 2 x  1  log 2 x 1  3
Condense
left side log 2 ( x  1)( x 1)  3
Convert to
exponential 2  ( x  1)( x  1)
3

form
8  x 12

9  x 2

3  x

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Solve for x
log 2 x  1  log 2 x 1  3
check x  3 check x   3
log 2 3  1  log 2 3 1  3 log 2  3  1  log 2  3 1  3
log 2 4  log 2 2  3 log 2  2  log 2  4  3
2 1  3 fails
3  3 The argument
checks! must be positive

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Solve for x
log 2 x  1  log 2 x 1  3
log 2 ( x  1)( x 1)  3
2  ( x  1)( x  1)
3

8  x 1
2

9  x 2

3  x
3 
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
 Solve for x

log 3 x  x  3
2
  2
Convert to
exponential 3  x x3
2 2
form
9  x x3
2

0  x x6
2

0  ( x  3)( x  2)
x   3 or x  2

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Solve for x

log 3 x  x  3
2
  2
check x   3 check x  2

log 3 (3) 2  (3)  3   2  
log 3 (2) 2  2  3  2
log 3 9  3  3  2 log 3 4  2  3  2
log 3 9  2 log 3 9  2
2  2 2  2
checks! checks!

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Solve for x

log 3 x  x  3
2
  2

3  x x3
2 2

9  x x3
2

0  x x6
2

0  ( x  3)( x  2)

  3, 2  x   3 or x  2

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Solve for x
log  5   log  19 
3 x 7

(3x  7)  log( 5)  log( 19)

3x log( 5)  7 log( 5)  log( 19)
3x log( 5)  log( 19)  7 log( 5)
3  log( 5) 3  log( 5)
log(19)  7 log(5) 
x 3log(5) 
x  2.943
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
 Solve for x
log 5   log  7 
4x 2

(4 x)  log( 5)  (2)  log( 7)

4  log( 5) 4  log( 5)
 2 log(7 ) 
x  4 log(5 ) 

x  0.605

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

 Solve for x

log 11 2 x 1
  log  9 5x

(2 x  1)  log( 11)  (5 x)  log( 9)

2 x log( 11)  1 log( 11)  5 x log( 9)
2 x log( 11)  5 x log( 9)   log( 11)
x2 log( 11)  5 log( 9)   log( 11)
 log(11)
x 2 log(11)  5 log(9) 
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
x  0.387
 Solve for x
log 3 x2
  log  5  x 1

( x  2)  log( 3)  ( x  1)  log( 5)
x log( 3)  2 log( 3)  x log( 5)  1log( 5)
x log( 3)  x log( 5)  log( 5)  2 log( 3)
xlog( 3)  log( 5)  log( 5)  2 log( 3)
log(5 )  2 log(3) 
x log(3)  log(5 ) 
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
x  1.151
 Solve for x
log 7 3 x 2
  log  3 9 x 8

(3x  2)  log( 7)  (9 x  8)  log( 3)

3x log( 7)  2 log( 7)  9 x log( 3)  8 log( 3)
3x log( 7)  9 x log( 3)  2 log( 7)  8 log( 3)
x3 log( 7)  9 log( 3)  2 log( 7)  8 log( 3)
 2 log(7 )  8 log(3) 
x 3 log(7 )  9 log(3) 

Jeff Bivin -- LZHS

x  1.209
 Solve for x
ln  15   ln e  3 x 2

ln( 15)  (3x  2)  ln(
1 e)
ln( 15)  3x  2
ln( 15)  2  3x
ln(15)  2
3  x
1.569  x
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
 Solve for x
5 x 6
7  3e
ln  7
3
  ln  e 5 x6

ln( 73 )  (5x  6)  ln(
1 e)
ln( 73 )  5 x  6
ln( 73 )  6  5 x
ln( 73 )  6
5  x
 1.031  x
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS
 Solve for x
3 x 1
5  7 2
log  5
7
  log  2 3 x 1

log( 75 )  (3x  1)  log( 2)
log( 75 )  3x log( 2)  1 log( 2)
log( 75 )  log( 2)  3x log( 2)
log(75 )  log(2 ) 
3 log(2 )   x
0.172  x
Jeff Bivin -- LZHS