• Construction of Human Eye

– iris, pupil, cornea, aqueous humour, lens,

ciliary muscle, vitreous humour, retina
• Focusing
– seeing near object ( near point )
– seeing distant object ( far point )
• Eye defects
– Short-sight
– Long-sight
 Construction of human eye
Retina
iris

Cornea

pupil Blind spot

eye lens

Ciliary muscles Vitreous humour

• Light entering the eye is refracted
successively at the cornea, the aqueous
humour, the lens and the vitreous humour.
• The image is formed on the retina and the
retina sends signal along the optical nerve to
the brain, causing the sensation of sight.
• The image formed on the retina is inverted
but is interpreted as erect.
 Focusing near object

Light from near object

 Focusing far away object

Light from far away object

 Accommodation

Object Ciliary Shape Focal length

Muscle
Near Contract Thicker Shortened

Distant Relax Thinner Lengthened

 Near Point and Far Point
• The average normal eye can focus objects
easily from about 25 cm, i.e., the near point,
to infinity, i.e. the far point.
• This range of distance of clear vision varies
from one person to another and decreases
with age.
 Short sight

Light from distant object

• The eyeball is a bit too long.
• The lens lacks the ability to
accommodate for a distant object.
 Correction of short sight

Light from distant object

Diverging lens
( Concave lens )
 Long sight

Light from near object

• The eyeball is a bit too short.
• The lens lacks the ability to
accommodate for a near object.
 Correction of long sight

Light from near object

Converging lens
( Convex lens )
 Causes

Defect Eye lens Eye ball Correction

Short sight Too thick Too long Concave lens

Long sight Too thin Too short Convex lens

Class Practice

1. Which of the following statements about the lens

is/are correct ?

(1) The image formed on the retina is real.

(2) The pupil is smaller in bright light than in dim
light.
(3) When the object distance changes, the eye
focuses an object by chaning the focal length
of the eye lens.
Class Practice

2. The near point of a long-sighted eye is 50 cm

from the eye. A lens is used for correction.

(a) What type of lens should be used ?

(b) Find the focal length of the lens.