Artificial

Satellites
In the context of spaceflight , a satellite is an
object which has been placed into orbit by
human endeavor. Such objects are called
artificial satellites to distinguish them from
natural satellites such as the Moon.
Since 1957, thousands of satellites have been
launched into orbit around the Earth. These
originate from more than 50 countries and have
used the satellite launching capabilities of ten
nations, India being one of them!
A few hundred satellites are currently
operational, whereas thousands of unused
satellites and satellite fragments orbit the Earth
as space debris . A few space probes have been
placed into orbit around other bodies and
become artificial satellites to the Moon, Venus,
Mars, Jupiter and Saturn.
Satellites are usually semi-independent
computer-controlled systems. Satellite
subsystems attend many tasks, such as power
generation, thermal control, telemetry, attitude
control and orbit control.
The invention
of artificial
satellites.
Early in the 20th century the work of
Americans Robert Goddard and Russian
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky paved the way for the
future launchings of satellites.
The work of Tsiolkovsky was on the actual
possibility of launching this object into the
space.

Taking this information Goddard did actual

experimentation on how to launch such an
object.
This rare talent in both creative science and
practical engineering places Goddard well
above the opposite numbers among the
European rocket pioneers.
The dedicated labors of this modest man went
largely unrecognized in the United States until
the dawn of what is now called the quotspace
age.“

High honors and wide acclaim, belated but

richly deserved, now come to the name of
Robert H. Goddard.
In 1926 Tsiolkovsky suggested the use of
artificial earth satellites, including manned
platforms, as way stations for interplanetary
flight, and in 1929 he put forth an idea for a
multistage rocket which he described as a
rocket train.
Dr. Robert H. Goddard was the first scientist
who not only realized the potentialities of
missiles and space flight but also contributed
directly in bringing them to practical
realization.
Launch Of The First Satellite One autumn day
in 1957 the launch of an 84 kg. ball
revolutionized science named Sputnik 1.
This ball circled the earth in 1 hr. 36.2 min. at
28,800 km/h . It sent back strong continuous
radio signals that were so strong that they could
be picked up by amateurs.
The US counterpart was named Explorer 1, it
was launched on January 31, 1958. These two
satellites provided an enormous boost for
satellites to follow.
Obits of artificial
satellites
 Introduction
Satellites can operate in several types of Earth
orbit.
The most common orbits for environmental
satellites are geostationary , polar & inclined
orbits.

Other types of orbits are possible, such as the

Molniya orbits commonly used for Soviet
spacecraft. 
 Geostationary Orbits
A geostationary orbit is one in which the
satellite is always in the same position with
respect to the rotating Earth.

Actually the satellite orbits at an elevation of

approximately 35,790 km that produces an
orbital period i.e. time taken for one orbit,
equal to the period of rotation of the Earth i.e.
23 hrs, 56 mins, 4.09 secs.And thus,by orbiting
earth at the same rate , in same direction as
earth, the satellite appears to be in the same
position.
Geostationary satellites provide a big picture
view, enabling coverage of weather events. This
is especially useful for monitoring severe local
storms and tropical cyclones.

Because a geostationary orbit must be in the

same plane as the Earth's rotation, i.e. the
equatorial plane, it provides distorted & dull
images of the polar regions with poor spatial
resolution.
 Polar Orbits
Polar-orbiting satellites provide a better view
of Earth, circling at near-polar inclination i.e.
the angle between the equatorial plane and the
satellite orbital plane. A polar orbit has an
inclinaton of 90 degrees.
Orbiting at an altitude of 700 to 800 km, these
satellites cover best the parts of the world most
difficult to cover.
These satellites are operated in a sunsynchro-
-nous orbit.
The satellite passes the equator and each
latitude at the same local solar time each day,
meaning the satellite passes overhead at
essentially the same solar time throughout all
seasons of the year.
This feature enables regular data collection at
consistent times as well as long-term
comparisons.  
The orbital plane of a sun-synchronous orbit
must also rotate approximately one degree per
day to keep pace with the Earth's surface.
 Inclined Orbits
Inclined orbits have an inclination between 0
degrees i.e. the equatorial orbit and 90 degrees
i.e. the polar orbit.

The orbital altitude of these satellites is

generally on the order of a few hundred km, so
the orbital period is on the order of a few hours.

These satellites will view a place on Earth at

varying times.
Uses Of Satellite
 Satellite internet
Satellite Internet access is Internet access
provided through satellites. The service can
be provided to users world-wide through Law
Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites geostationary
satellites can offer higher data speeds, but their
signals can not reach some polar regions of the
world.
 Different types of satellite systems have a
wide range of different features and technical
limitations, which can greatly affect their
usefulness and performance in specific
applications.
 Satellite telephone
A satellite telephone, satellite phone, or
satphone is a type of mobile phone that
connects to orbiting satellites instead of
terrestrial cell satellites . Depending on the
architecture of a particular system, coverage
may include the entire Earth , or only specific
regions.
The mobile equipment, also known as a
terminal, varies widely. Early satellite phone
handsets had a size and weight comparable to
that of a later mobile phones , but usually with
a large antenna on it’s head!
More recent satellite phones are similar in
size to a regular mobile phone while some
prototype satellite phones have no
distinguishable difference from an ordinary cell
phone .Satellite phones are popular on
expeditions into
. remote areas where terrestrial
cellular service is unavailable.
In some countries such as Burma,possession
of a satellite phone is illegal. Their signals will
usually bypass local telecoms systems, prevent
it’s use and attempt to know about user
secretly. In Australia , people living in remote
areas may apply for a government subsidy for a
satellite phone.
 Satellite radio
Satellite radio is an analogue or digital radio
signal that is carried by a geostationary satellite
and thus can be received in a much wider
geographical range than terrestrial FM radio
stations. While in Europe many FM radio
stations provide an additional unencrypted
satellite feed, there are also subscription based
digital packages of numerous channels that do
not broadcast terrestrially, notably in the US.
In Europe, FM radio is used by many
suppliers that use a network of several local FM
repeaters to broadcast a single programme to a
large area, usually a whole nation.
Many of those have an additional satellite
signal that can be heard in many parts of the
continent. In contrast, US terrestrial stations are
always local and each of them has a unique
programme, albeit they are sometimes
interconnected for syndicated contents; but each
local station still carries its own commercial and
news breaks even then.
This means that a national distribution of the
contents of original terrestrial stations via
satellite makes no real sense in the US,
wherefore satellite radio is used in a different
way there.
Radio services are usually provided by
commercial ventures and are subscription-
based. The various services are proprietary
signals, requiring specialized hardware for
changing the radio signal to and playback.
Providers usually carry a variety of news,
weather, sports, and music channels, with the
music channels generally being commercial-
free.
In areas with a relatively high population
density, it is easier and less expensive to reach
the bulk of the population with terrestrial
broadcasts. Thus in UK and some other
countries, the contemporary evolution of radio
services is focused on Digital Audio
Broadcasting(DAB) services or HD radio ,
rather than satellite radio.
 How does a
satellite work?
 Some pictures of
Artificial satellites
!!!THANK YOU!!!

Done by:-
Jay Barchha
Harsh Ashara
Hetik Padaliya
Prit Bhanvadiya