Characteristics of ideal Op-Amp

Introduction
• An Operational Amplifier, or op-amp for short, is fundamentally a voltage
amplifying device designed to be used with external feedback components
such as resistors and capacitors between its output and input terminals.
These feedback components determine the resulting function or
“operation” of the amplifier and by virtue of the different feedback
configurations whether resistive, capacitive or both, the amplifier can
perform a variety of different operations, giving rise to its name of
“Operational Amplifier”.
 Ideal Op-Amp Characteristics
• The ideal op-amp is characterized by certain basic properties:
a) Infinite open-loop voltage gain.
b) Infinite input impedance.
c) Zero output impedance.
d) Zero noise contribution
e) Zero DC output offset.
f) Infinite bandwidth
 Ideal Op-Amp Properties
• Property No.1: Infinite Open-Loop Gain :
Open-Loop Gain Avol is the gain of the op-amp without positive or negative
feedback.
In the ideal op-amp Avol is infinite.
• Property No.2: Infinite Input impedance:
Input impedance is the ratio of input voltage to input current
Zin= Vin/Iin

When Zin is infinite, the input current Iin=0.

High-grade op-amps can have input impedance in the TΩ range.
Some low-grade op-amps, on the other hand, can have mA input currents.
 Ideal Op-Amp Properties
• Property No. 3: Zero Output Impedance.
The ideal op-amp acts as a perfect internal voltage source with no internal
resistance.
This internal resistance is in series with the load, reducing the output
voltage available to the load.
Real op-amps have output-impedance in the 100-20Ω range.
• Property No. 4: Zero Noise Contribution
In the ideal op-amp, zero noise voltage is produced internally.
This is, any noise at the output must have been at the input as well.
 Ideal Op-Amp Properties
• Property No. 5:Zero output Offset
The output offset is the output voltage of an amplifier when both inputs are
grounded.
The ideal op-amp has zero output offset, but real op-amps have some
amount of output offset voltage.
• Property No. 6: Infinite Bandwidth
The ideal op-amp will amplify all signals from DC to the highest AC
frequencies.
In real op-amps, the bandwidth is rather limited.
 Types of Operational Amplifiers
• General-Purpose Op-Amps
These devices are designed for a wide range of applications.
These op-amps have limited bandwidth but in return have very good
stability.
• Voltage Comparators
These are devices that have no negative feedback networks and therefore
saturate with very low(µV) input voltages.
• Low Input Current Op-Amps
Op-Amps with very low(pico-amp) input currents, as opposed to µA or mA
input currents found in other devices.
 Types of Operational Amplifiers

• Low Noise Op-Amps

Optimized to reduce internal noise.
• Low Power Op-Amps
Optimized for low power consumption
• Low Drift Op-Amps
Internally compensated to minimize drift caused by temperature.
 Types of Operational Amplifiers

• Wide Bandwidth Op-Amps

These devices have a very high GB product(i.e, 100MHz) compared to 741-
type op-amps(0.3-1.2MHz).
• Single DC Supply Op-Amps
Devices that operate from a monopolar DC power supply voltage.
• High-Voltage Op-Amps
Devices that operate at high DC voltages as compared to other op-amps.
 Types of Operational Amplifiers

• High-Voltage Op-Amps
Devices that operate at high DC voltages as compared to other op-amps.
• Multiple Devices
Those that have more than oe op-amp in the same package
• Instrumentation Op-Amps
These are DC differential amplifiers made with 2-3 internal op-amps.
 Concept of Virtual Ground
• a virtual ground (or virtual earth) is a node of a circuit that is maintained at
a steady reference potential, without being connected directly to the
reference potential. In some cases the reference potential is considered to
be that of the surface of the earth, and the reference node is called "ground"
or "earth" as a consequence.
• The virtual ground concept aids circuit analysis in operational amplifier and
other circuits and provides useful practical circuit effects that would be
difficult to achieve in other ways.
• In circuit theory, a node may have any value of current or voltage but
physical implementations of a virtual ground will have limitations of current
handling ability and a non-zero impedance which may have practical side
effects.
 Slew Rate

• The slew rate of an electronic circuit is defined as the rate of change of the
voltage per unit time. Slew rate is usually expressed in units of V/µs.

SR= max(|dvout(t)/dt|)

where vout(t) is the output produced by the amplifier as a function of time t.

• The slew rate can be measured using a function generator (usually square
wave) and an oscilloscope. The slew rate is the same, regardless of whether
feedback is considered
 Slew rate limiting in amplifiers

• There are slight differences b/w different amplifier designs in how the
slewing phenomenon occurs.
• The input stage stage of modern amplifiers is usually a differential amplifier
with a trans-conductance characteristic
Thank You