Solid Mensuration

Engr. Allan Dave A. Dela Cruz, CE, RMP and ME-1

Polygon
Polygon
• A polygon is a closed plane figure that is joined by line segments.
• A polygon may also be defined as a union of line segments such that:
i.) each endpoint is the endpoint of only two segments; ii) no two
segments intersect except at an endpoint; and iii) no two segments
with the same endpoint are collinear.
Parts of a Polygon
Side or Edge

Interior Angle Vertex

Diagonal

Exterior Angle
Types of Polygon
Regular Polygon
In a regular polygon, all angles are equal and all sides are of the same length.
Regular polygons are both equiangular and equilateral.
Equiangular Polygon
A polygon is equiangular if all of its angles are congruent
Equilateral Polygon
A polygon is equilateral if all of its sides are equal
Irregular Polygon
A polygon that is neither equiangular nor equilateral is said to be an irregular
polygon
Naming of Polygon
Naming of Polygon
What if? 100 and above
For numbers from 100 to 999, we construct the name of the polygon
by starting with the prefix for the hundreds digit taken from ones digit
minus the “gon” followed by “hecta”, then proceed as before.
Example
Name a polygon that has 46 sides.

A 532 sided polygon is called a?

Similar Polygons
We say that two polygons are similar if their corresponding interior
angles are congruent and their corresponding sides are proportional.

By ratio and proportion

𝑥1 𝑦1
=
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝐴1 𝑥1 2
=
𝐴2 𝑥2
𝑃1 𝑥1
=
𝑃2 𝑥2
Properties of a Regular Polygon

The altitude 𝑎 of the triangle is called the apothem

The angle 𝜃 that is opposite the base of this triangle
is called the central angle .
Perimeter; P = ns

360
Central Angle: 𝜃 =
𝑛

𝑠
Apothem: a = 180
2tan( )
𝑛
N = number of sides
Area
1
𝐴 = 𝑃𝑎
2
𝑛𝑠
𝐴=
4 tan 180°Τ𝑛
No. of Diagonals:
𝑛
𝐷 = 𝑛−3
2
Interior Angle:
180° 𝑛 − 2
𝑰. 𝑨. =
𝑛
Sum of Interior Angle:
𝑺. 𝑰. 𝑨. = 180° 𝑛 − 2
Example
A regular nonagon with a side that measures 3 units. First is to
compute the area of the polygon. Second compute the number of
diagonals that can be drawn. Lastly, compute the sum of its interior
angles.
Exercises
1. Find the sum of the interior angle of a regular triacontakaitetragon.
2. Name each of the polygon with the given number of sides. Also find the
corresponding number of diagonals.
a. 24
b. 181
c. 47
d. 653
3. The number of diagonals of a regular polygon is 35. Find the area of the
polygon if its apothem measures 10 cm.
4. The number of diagonals of a regular polygon is 65. Find the perimeter of
the polygon if its apothem measures 8 in.
5. The sum of the interior angles of a regular polygon is 1260 °. Find the area
of the solid polygon if the perimeter is 45 cm.
Triangles
Similar Triangles:
• Corresponding angles are congruent and the corresponding sides
are proportional.
• same shape, different size, different measurement but in
proportion.
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
= =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝐴1 𝑎 2 1 𝑏1 2 𝑐1 2
= = =
𝐴2 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
Lines Connected with Triangles
An altitude of a triangle is the line segment drawn from a vertex of the
triangle perpendicular to the opposite side.

A median of a triangle is the line segment connecting the midpoint of a

side and opposite vertex.

An angle bisector of a triangle is the line segment which divides an

angle of the triangle into two congruent angles and has endpoints on a
vertex and the opposite side.
A perpendicular bisector of a side of a triangle is the line segment
which meets the side at the right angle and divides the side into two
congruent segments.

Types of Triangle Centers

Orthocenter – is the point of intersection of the triangles altitudes
Centroid – the point of intersection of the three medians of the triangle
Incenter – the point of intersection of the three angle bisectors of the
triangle
Circumcenter – the point of intersection of the perpendicular bisectors
of the three sides of the triangle/
Formulas for the Area of a Triangle

1
• General Formula: 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
2
1
• SAS (Side-Angle-Side) Formula: 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃
2
• Heron’s Formula for SSS (Three Sides) Case:
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝐴= 𝑠 𝑠−𝑎 𝑠−𝑏 𝑠−𝑐 ,𝑠 =
2
Quadrilaterals
A quadrilateral, also known as tetragon or quadrangle, is a general term
for a four-sided polygon.
Reference: Solid Mensuration by Richard Earnhart
Parallelogram
Is a quadrilateral in which the opposite sides area parallel
Properties of Parallelogram
Opposite sides are equal
Opposite interior angles are congruent
Adjacent angles are supplementary
A diagonal divides the parallelogram into two congruent triangles
The two diagonals bisect each other
Formula

𝑑2 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝜃
𝑃 = 2𝑎 + 2𝑏
Rectangle
It is essentially a parallelogram in which the interior angles are all right
angles.
Formula
𝑑= 𝑏 2 + ℎ2

𝑃 = 2𝑏 + 2ℎ

𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
Square
A special type of rectangle in which all the sides are equal.
Formulas
𝑑=𝑎 2

𝑃 = 4𝑎

𝐴 = 𝑎2
Rhombus
Formulas
𝑑1
𝜃= 2 tan−1
𝑑2
𝑃 = 4𝑏
1
𝐴 = 𝑑1 𝑑2
2
𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
𝐴 = 𝑏 2 sin 𝜃
Trapezoid
A quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides.
Isosceles Trapezoid – if the non-parallel sides are congruent, the
trapezoid is called an isosceles trapezoid.
A trapezoid which contains two right angle is a called right trapezoid
Area for Trapezoid
1
𝐴= 𝑎+𝑏 ℎ
2
Trapezium
A quadrilateral with no two sides that are parallel

1
𝐴= 𝑠−𝑎 𝑠−𝑏 𝑠−𝑐 𝑠−𝑑 − 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 cos2 𝐴+𝐶
2

𝐴 and 𝐶 are any two opposite interior angles.

𝑠 is the semi-perimeter.