Dr..

ROHITH S
Associate Professor
Department of ECE
Nagarjuna College of Engineering and Technology
 INTRODUCTION
 Digital systems interact with the real world with
transducers

 An input transducer, or sensor, senses some physical

property and generates an electrical signal that
corresponds to the property

 An output transducer, on the other hand, uses an electrical

signal to cause a physical effect

Dr. ROHITH S, ASS0c. Prof., ECE, NCET 2

 INPUT DEVICES
 Many digital systems include mechanically operated
switches of various forms as input devices

 These include push-button and toggle switches operated

by human users, and micro switches operated by physical
movement of mechanical or other objects

Dr. ROHITH S, ASS0c. Prof., ECE, NCET 3

KEYPADS AND KEYBOARDS

Fig. A keypad matrix with an output

Fig. Keypad switches arranged in a register for driving row lines and an
scanned matrix. input register for sensing column
lines.
Dr. ROHITH S, ASS0c. Prof., ECE, NCET 4
KNOBS AND POSITION ENCODERS

Fig1. The disk and optical

Fig2. optical encoder disk Fig3. Operation of an incremental
sensors attached to a shaft
encoder: quadrature signals output
from the encoder

Dr. ROHITH S, ASS0c. Prof., ECE, NCET 5

 ANALOG INPUTS
 Microphones: A microphone has a diaphragm that is
displaced by sound pressure waves.
 Accelerometers :A common form of accelerometer used in
automobile air bag controllers, for example, has a
microscopic cantilevered beam manufactured on a silicon
chip
 Fluid flow sensors: One form uses temperature dependent
resistors. Two matched resistors are self heated using an
electric current
 Gas detection sensors: A photo-ionizing detector uses
ultraviolet light to ionize a sample of atmosphere. Gas
ions are attracted to plates that are held at a potential
difference.
Dr. ROHITH S, ASS0c. Prof., ECE, NCET 6
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVETER

Fig1. A flash ADC Fig2. A successive approximation ADC.

Dr. ROHITH S, ASS0c. Prof., ECE, NCET 7
 OUTPUT DEVICES
 The most common output
devices are indicator lights that
display on/off or true/false
information.
 The simplest form of indicator
is a single light-emitting diode
(LED).
 It is low in cost, highly reliable,
and easy to drive from a digital
circuit.

Dr. ROHITH S, ASS0c. Prof., ECE, NCET 8

 DISPLAY

Fig1. Connection of segment

LEDs in a common anode 7-
segment display
Fig2. Connection of four 7-segment display digits

Dr. ROHITH S, ASS0c. Prof., ECE, NCET 9

ELECTROMECHANICAL ACTUATORS AND
VALVES

Fig1. A solenoid actuator Fig2. Solenoid controlled by a digital output

Dr. ROHITH S, ASS0c. Prof., ECE, NCET 10

There are two important classes of devices
based on solenoids
 Solenoid valves: We can attach the armature of a solenoid
to a valve mechanism, allowing the solenoid to open and
close the valve, thus regulating the flow of a fluid or gas.

 Solenoids relays: The armature is attached to a set of

electrical contacts. This allows us to open or close an
external circuit under digital control.

Dr. ROHITH S, ASS0c. Prof., ECE, NCET 11

 Motors
 Many applications require mechanical movement over a
range of positions and at varying speeds.

 For these applications, we can use electric motors of

various kinds, including stepper motors and servo motors.

Dr. ROHITH S, ASS0c. Prof., ECE, NCET 12

Operation of a stepper motor

 The figure shows that, as coils are energized in sequence, the

rotor is attracted to successive angular positions, stepping around
through one rotation

Dr. ROHITH S, ASS0c. Prof., ECE, NCET 13

DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTERS

An R-string DAC

Dr. ROHITH S, ASS0c. Prof., ECE, NCET 14

 An R/2R ladder DAC

Dr. ROHITH S, ASS0c. Prof., ECE, NCET 15

Dr. ROHITH S, ASS0c. Prof., ECE, NCET 16