Electrical Power

Transmission (EE-352)
1
Class Introduction
Expectation from Course
Course Outline
 Power Systems Overview: Per Unit system, Phasor notation, complex power,
power triangle, direction of power flow, current and power in balanced three-
phase circuits, Power system infrastructure, transmission and sub-
transmission system, AC/DC system, standard voltages for transmission and
sub transmission.
 Mechanical Design of Overhead Lines: Line supports, sag and tension
calculations, total length of conductor, supports at different levels,
mechanical degree of safety, effect of wind pressure & ice loading, conductor
vibration & use of dampers.
 Insulators: Insulator material, types of insulators, voltage distribution over
insulator string, string efficiency, methods of improving the string efficiency,
testing of insulators.
 Corona: The phenomenon of corona, disruptive critical voltage and visual
critical voltage, conditions effecting corona loss, power loss due to corona,
radio interference due to corona.
Course Outline (Cont.)
 Impedance of Transmission Lines: Conductor types, Resistance, Skin effect,
Line inductance based on flux considerations. Inductance of single phase 2-
wire line, inductance of composite conductor line, use of tables. Inductance
of 3-ph line with equilateral and unsymmetrical spacing, transposition,
inductance of Bundled conductors. Capacitance of two-wire and 3-phase line,
effect of earth on capacitance; capacitance of bundled conductors, parallel
circuit lines. Representation of Power Systems: Percent and Per-Unit
quantities, Selection of base and change in base of p.u. quantities, Node
Equations, One-line diagram, impedance and reactance diagrams.

 Current and Voltage Relationship on a Transmission Line: Representation of

lines in terms of ABCD parameters for short, medium and long transmission
lines, voltage and current waves, SIL loading, power flow through the line,
power transmission capability, voltage regulation, series and shunt
compensation for long transmission line.
Books
 Principles of Power System, by VK Mehta and Rohit Mehta

 Power System Analysis and Design, by B.R. Gupta

 Electrical Power Systems, by Ashfaq Hussain

 Electrical Power System, Engineeing by Turan Gonen

 Any other relative Material/Book from web

ASSESMENT

 Midterm= 20 marks
 Class Project= 10 marks
 Assignment/Test= 05 marks
 Quiz/ Attendance= 05 marks
 Final Paper= 60 marks
Electrical Network:
Transmission and distribution system (T&D) transmit the electric power from generators to
the loads. They include high and low voltage lines, cables, substations etc. and its task is
to move power from generation plants to the end users
PAKISTAN’S YEARLY ELECTRICITY
SUPPLY AND DEMAND
 The total power production capacity in PAKISTAN is 27,500 MW
 Demand is around 35,000MW
 Country is falling short of 8000MW
 The demand of electricity is
growing at the annual rate of 8%
MAJOR CAUSES OF THE SHORTFALL OF
ELECTRICAL ENERGY IN PAKISTAN

 Insufficient installed generating capacity.

 Transmission system unable to transmit the load imposed
Due to Technical and non technical losses
 Grid stations and related equipment unable to carry the load imposed
 Inefficient management/Faulty management information system
 Failure of forecast and future planning
 Optimize HT/LT length ration etc.
SOLUTION TO FULFILL THE GAP BETWEEN DEMAND
AND SUPPLY
 SHORT TERM SOLUTIONS

1. Energy conservation
2. Technical losses control
3. Non technical losses control
4. Improving Power generating capacity etc.

 MEDIUM TERM SOLUTIONS

1. Wind Energy
2. Solar Energy etc.
SOLUTION TO FULFILL THE GAP BETWEEN DEMAND
AND SUPPLY (Cont.)

 LONG TERM SOLUTION

1. Coal Potential in Pakistan

2. Hydro-electric power potential
3. Revise Energy Policy etc.
Transmission network

HVDC Power Transmission

AC Power Transmission system

DC Transmission:

VOLTAGE LEVEL

1)HVAC up to 220KV
2) EHVAC between 400KV to 760KV
3)UHVAC above 760KV
4) HVDC ± 1600 KV.
Basic HVDC
Advantages of HVDC Transmission

 Reduced right of way

 Power losses

 Lower investment cost

Break-Even Distance
Advantages of HVDC Transmission
 ASYNCHRONOUS TIE
 CORONA LOSS AND RADIO INTERFERENCE
 SKIN EFFECT
 CHARGING CURRENT
 REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION
 BULK POWER TRANSMISSION
 STABILITY
 LINE LOADING
 NUMBER OF LINES
 REACTIVE POWER COMPENSTION
 CABLES
 SHORT CIRCUIT LEVEL:
 TOWER SIZE:
 OPERATIONAL FLEXIBILITY:
Advantages of AC Transmission System
 AC Circuit breakers are cheaper than DC Circuit breakers.
 The repairing and maintenance of AC sub station is easy and inexpensive than
DC Substation.
 The Level of AC voltage may be increased or decreased(step up and Step
down) transformers.
 Conversion from AC to DC is done at converter station which are complex and
very costly
Types of Channel for Power Transmission in
Transmission Network
 Overhead Power Transmission Lines
 Underground Power Transmission Cables
Underground Cables VS Overhead Lines for
Power Transmission

 Overhead lines are subjected to damage from severe weather

conditions (mainly lightning, wind and freezing) while
underground cables are less prone to these effects

 Overhead lines are subjected damage during war or civil unrest

while underground cables are comparatively safe

 Overhead lines cause emission, into the surrounding area, of

electromagnetic fields. All electric currents generate
electromagnetic fields, but the shielding provided by the earth
surrounding underground cables restricts their range and power
Underground Cables VS Overhead Lines for
Power Transmission (cont.)
 Underground cables need a narrower surrounding strip of about
1–10 meters to install, whereas an overhead line requires a
surrounding strip of about 20–200 meters wide to be kept
permanently clear for safety, maintenance and repair

 Undergrounding is more expensive, since the cost of burying

cables at transmission voltages is several times greater than
overhead power lines, and the life-cycle cost of an underground
power cable is two to four times the cost of an overhead power
line
Underground Cables VS Overhead Lines for
Power Transmission (cont.)

 Operations are more difficult since the high reactive power of

underground cables produces large charging currents and so
makes voltage control more difficult

 Underground cables pose no hazard to low flying aircrafts or to

wildlife, and are significantly safer as they pose no shock hazard
(except to the unwary digger).
Gas Insulated Transmission lines:
 Gas insulated transmission lines (GIL) provide technical, environmental and
operational features which make them a very good alternative wherever the
transmission of extra high voltage (EHV) and extra high currents (EHC) is needed
within restricted space, e.g. wherever overhead lines cannot be used.
Gas Insulated Transmission Lines-Typical
Technical data
AC Power Supply System:

Sending end sub-stations

High Voltage transmission lines

Receiving end sub-stations Tie

Secondary transmission system

Secondary sub-stations
Distribution lines (feeders)
Economic Voltage of Transmission of
Power
K-electric Transmission network
K-Electric Transmission Network
 K-Electric transmission system comprises of 1,253,11 Km of 220 kV, 132 kV
and 66 KV lines with 64 grid stations and 138 power transformers.
 Overhead lines (K-Electric)
220kV 323 km long
132kV 611 km long
66kV 149 km long

 NTDC (National transmission dispatch center) , including KE,

WAPDA,PEPCO
500kV (max) 5197km long
220kV 9814 km long
https://www.ke.com.pk/our-business/transmission/
K-Electric Transmission Network

 Installed capacity of K-Electric is 2,247 MW

 Purchases 1053 MW from various IPPs, WAPDA, KANUPP
 Transmission is done on three voltages; 220kV, 132 kV and 66kV.
Main Components of overhead lines
Main Components of overhead lines
Main Components of overhead lines:
 The optimum performance of transmission line
mainly depends on the mechanical design of the
line.
 Conductors:
 Spacers:
Main Components of overhead lines:

 Supports/ Transmission Tower/Structure:

 Earth wire:
 Cross Arms:
Main Components of overhead lines (cont):
 Insulators:
 Dampers:
Line Supports
 Miscellaneous Items:
 Line supports
 Properties of line supports:
 High mechanical strength
 Light in weight
 Long life
 Easy accessibility
 The line supports used for transmission and distribution of electric
power are of various types including wooden poles, steel poles, RCC
pole and lattice steel tower.
 The choice of supporting structure for a particular case depends upon
the line span, cross sectional area, line voltage, cost and local
conditions.
Line Supports

1. Wooden poles:
Line Supports
2. Steel Poles:
Line Supports
3. RCC ( Reinforced Concrete Poles) Poles:
Tower-
Line Supports
4. Steel Towers:
Tangent Tower:
Line Supports
Deviation Towers:
Line Supports
Types of Tower