A WORLD OF

REGIONS
➢ COUNTRIES, REGIONS, AND
GLOBALIZATION
➢ NON-STATE REGIONALISM
➢ CONTEMPORARY ARTS TO
REGIONALISM

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 Basic features that everyone can agree on:
• First, Regions are “a group
of countries located in the
same geographically
specified area” or are “an
amalgation of two regions
[or] a combination of more
than two regions” organised
to to regulate and “oversee
flows and policy choices”
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➢ Second, World regionalization
and regionalism should not be
interchanged, as the former
refers to the “regional
concentration of economic
flows” while the latter is “a
political process characterized
by economic policy cooperation
and coordination among
countries.”
 “
➢ Countries respond
economically and
politically to globalization
in various ways. Some
are large enough and
have a lot of resources to
dictate how long they
participate in processes of
global integration.

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 “
➢ China for example offers
its cheap and huge
workforce to attract
foreign businesses and
expand trade with
countries it once
considered its enemies
but now sees as markets
for its goods.

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 “
➢ Other countries make up
for their small size by
taking advantage of their
strategic location.

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➢ Singapore developed its harbor facilities and made them a first class
transit port for ships carrying different commodities from Africa, Europe,
the Middle East , and Mainland South East Asia to countries in the Asia-
Pacific.

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 Reasons why countries form a regional association
First, For military defense.
Widely known defense grouping is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
formed during the Cold War where several Western European countries plus the United
States agreed to protect Europe against the threat of the Soviet Union.

Soviet Union responded by creating its regional alliance, the Warsaw Pact.

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Countries also form regional organizations to pool their resources, get better returns
to their exports, as well as expand their leverage against trading partners.

The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was established in 1960
to regulate the production of sale of oil. This regional alliance flexed its muscles in the
1970s when its members countries took over domestic production and dictated crude oil
prices in the world market.

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To pursue world peace and international cooperation, human rights, national
sovereignity, racial and national equality, non intervention, and peaceful conflict
resolution.

NAM had 120 countries at its peak.

Last, Economic crisis compels countries to come together.

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 “
Non-State
Regionalism

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• Non-state refer to groups that are
unincorporated within a particular state, or
are unknown to the state or nation they are
within.
• Regionalism is the expression of a common
sense of identity and purpose combined with
the creation and implementation of
institutions that express a particular identity
and shape collective action within a
geographical region.

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• It is not only the states
that agree to work
together in the name of
simple cause (or
causes). Communities
are also engage in
regional organizing.

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Tiny associations Huge continental unions

“New regionalism
varies in form:

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Organization of New Regionalism

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•
“
“New regionalism” is identifies with
reformist who share the same “values,
norms, institution, and system that
exist outside of the traditional,
established mainstream institution and
systems.”

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• Some organizations partner
with government to initiate
social change. Those who
work with governments
(“legitimizers”) participate in
“institutional mechanisms
that afford some civil society
groups voice and influence
[in] technocratic policy-
making processes.”

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• The democratic rights are
limited only in many ASEAN
countries. “New regionalism”
organizations used this
official declaration to
pressure these governments
to pass laws and regulations
that protect and promote
human rights.

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• In South America, left-wing
governments support the
Hemispheric Social
Alliance’s opposition to the
North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA)
Members of the Mesa de Articulation de Asociaciones Nacionales y Redes de ONG’s de
America Latina y El Caribe (Roundtable of national Associations and Networks and NGO’s in
Latin America and the Caribbean) participate in “forums, summits and dialogues with
president and ministers.”

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• In Southeast Asia, the organization of an ASEAN Parliamentarians for Human
Rights was in part the result of non-government organizations and civil society
groups pushing to “prevent discrimination, uphold political freedom, and
promote democracy and human rights throughout the region”

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Activists across central and south America established
the Rainforest foundation to protect indigenous peoples
and the rainforests in Brazil, Guyana, Panama and
Peru.

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 Young Christians across
Asia, Africa, the Middle East,
the Americans, and the
Caribbean formed Regional
Interfaith youth networks to
promote conflict, prevention,
resolution, peace, education,
and sustainable
development.

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Migrant forum in Asia is another regional
network of NGO’s and trade unions
“committed to protect[ing] and
promot[ing] the rights and welfare of
migrant workers”

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➢ New regionalism differs
significantly from traditional
state-to-state regionalism
when it comes to
identifying problems.

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Another challenge for new
regionalists is the discord
that may emerge among
them. For example,
disagreements surface
over issues like gender,
and religion.
CONTEMPORARY
CHALLENGES TO
REGIONALISM
 “
“The principles of true art is
not to portray, but to evoke”
- Jerzy Kosinski

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REGIONALISM
➢ One of the most serious
challenge in the regionalism
is the resurgence of
militant nationalism and
populism.

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➢ The refusal to dismantle NATO after
the collapse of the Soviet Union, for
example, has become the basis of the
anti-NATO rhetoric of Vladimir Putin in
Russia.

➢ The most crisis-ridden regional organization

of today is European Union.
➢ Anti-immigrant sentiment and populist
campaign against Europe have already led to
the United Kingdom voting to leave the
European Union in a move the media has
termed the “Brexit.”

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Association of South-East Asia
Nations’s Challenges

➢ disagree over the extent to which

member countries should sacrifice
their sovereignty for the sake of
regional stability.
➢ also disagreed over how to relate
to China, with the Philippines
unable to get the other countries
to support its condemnation of
China’s occupation of the West
Philippine Sea.

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When some formerly authoritarian
countries democratized, this
“participatory regionalism”
clashed with ASEAN’s policy of
non-interference, as civil society
groups in Indonesia, the
Philippines, and Thailand
demanded that the other
countries democratized adopt a
more open attitude towards
foreign criticism.

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WESTERN GOVERNMENTS

 Western governments may

see regional organizations
not simply as economic
formations but also as
instruments of political
democratization

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NON – WESTERN GOVERNMENTS
AND DEVELOPING SOCIETIES

 May have a different view

regarding globalization,
development, and democracy

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 Singapore, China, and Russia see democracy as an obstacle to the implementation
and deepening of economic globalization because constant public inquiry about
economic projects and lengthy debate slow down implementation or lead to unclear
outcomes Democracy's tedious procedures must, therefore, give way to efficiency.

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