FRICTION

FRICTION
• Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of
solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements
sliding against each other
• Dry friction is a force that opposes the relative lateral
motion of two solid surfaces in contact and generally
arises from the interaction of surface features
– static friction between non-moving surfaces
– kinetic friction between moving surfaces
• Fluid friction describes the friction between layers of a
viscous fluid that are moving relative to each other.
• Lubricated friction is a case of fluid friction where
a lubricant fluid separates two solid surfaces.[
 DRY FRICTION
(COULOMB FRICTION)
• Consider a block resting on a horizontal plane
•There is no motion of the block to start
P with.
F W •As P increases F also increases (Line O-1).
This is the zone of static friction.
•As P increases further, F cannot increase
1 and the block is in a state of incipient
motion. The friction is maximum at this
2 3
point (point 1) and called limiting friction.
F •As P increases further, the block starts
moving and the friction drops (Line 2-3)
450 and is termed kinetic friction
O P
 DRY FRICTION
(COULOMB FRICTION)
• The dry friction can be sliding or rolling
• Laws of Sliding Friction – These are empirical
laws
– The force of friction is directly proportional to the
applied load.
– The force of friction is independent of the
apparent area of contact.
– Kinetic friction is independent of the sliding
velocity.
 COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION
• The frictional force depends besides the nature of
surfaces on the normal reaction
F R
S
φ
F P

W
F/R is called the coefficient of friction μ
• At impending motion μ = μs called coefficient of static friction
• When motion starts μ = μk called coefficient of kinetic friction
• μk < μs for the same pair of contact surfaces
 ANGLE OF FRICTION AND REPOSE
• The angle of friction (φ) is the angle which the
resultant of normal reaction and friction force
makes with the normal
tan φ = F/R
• The angle of repose is the angle α of an
inclined plane at which a block resting on it is
about to slide down and is equal to the angle
of friction i.e. α = φ
 EXAMPLE 1
• The block shown has a height b and base is
square of side a. A horizontal force P is applied
as shown. Determine the maximum value of h
so that the block slides before toppling.
R

P
b
h
a/2
μR A
W
 EXAMPLE 1 – Contd.
• R=W
• Hence Friction Force = μR = μ W
• For sliding P ≥ μ W
• For toppling the moment of P about point A
should exceed the moment of W i.e.
P*h ≥ W*a/2 or h ≥ W*a/(2*P)
or putting P = μW ; h ≥ a/(2*μ)
• For sliding before toppling therefore
h ≤ a/(2μ)
 EXAMPLE 2

T
A

B p

• Block A weighs 500N and Block B weighs 1000N.

Determine P to move the block A and tension T in
string. Take μ = 0.25 for all surfaces.
 EXAMPLE 2 – Contd.
• Free body diagram of block A

500N μR1

R1

R1 = 500N
T = μ R1 = 0.25*500 = 125N
 EXAMPLE 2 – Contd.
• Free Body Diagram of block B
R1
μR1

1000N
μR2

R2
R2 = 1000 + R1 = 1500N
P = μ (R1 + R2) = 0.25*1500 = 375N
 EXAMPLE 3 - INCLINED PLANE
• A body weighing 500N is placed on a plane
inclined at 300 to the horizontal. If a force of
400N applied parallel to the plane is just able
to move the body up the plane, determine the
coefficient of friction.
400N

300 500N
 EXAMPLE 3 - Contd.
• Free Body Diagram Normal to the plane
R - 500 cos 30 = 0
R = 500 cos 30 = 433N
R = 500cos300 Motion
Along the plane
400N
400 - 500sin30 – μR = 0
μ * R = 400 -500sin30
500sin300 μ = (400 – 500 sin30)/R
μR
500 cos300 μ = (400 – 250)/433
500N μ = 0.346
 EXAMPLE 4
• A block is resting on an inclined plane as
shown. Determine the force P when the block
is on the point of moving
P
(a) up the plane
θ
(b) down the plane

α W
 EXAMPLE 4 – Contd.
• Free body diagram when moving up the plane
R = Wcosα – Psinθ ; Pcosθ – Wsinα = μR
Pcosθ – Wsinα = μ(Wcosα – Psinθ)
P=W(sinα+cosα)/(cosθ+μsinθ) Psinθ
R Pcosθ
Putting μ = tanφ
P= Wsin(α+φ)/cos(θ-φ)
• Similarly when moving
μR
down the plane Wcosα
Wsinα
P= Wsin(α-φ)/cos(θ+φ)
 EXAMPLE 5
• Two inclined planes AC and BC making angles
of 600 and 300 respectively with the horizontal
meet at a ridge. A load of 1000N rests on BC
and another of W on AC. The two are
connected through a rope passing over a
smooth pulley at the ridge. If the coefficient of
friction between the load and BC is 0.25 and
that between the load and AC is 0.2,
determine the smallest and largest value of W
for equilibrium of the whole system.
 EXAMPLE 5 – Contd.

μ = 0.25
μ=0.2

A 600 300 B

W 1000N
EXAMPLE 5 – Contd.
EXAMPLE 5 – Contd.
 LADDER FRICTION
• Consider the ladder AB of length L and weight
W placed as shown. Find the minimum angle
μR
θ for no slippage under its
2 B

R B
B
own weight if the value of
μ between ladder and
floor is μ1 and between
R A

W
the ladder and wall is μ2
μ1RA θ
A
 LADDER FRICTION – Contd.
From equilibrium conditions
RB = μ1RA ; RA = W – μ2RB ; RA+ μ1μ2RA = W
RA = W/(1+ μ1μ2)
Moments about B
RAL cosθ = (WL cosθ)/2 + μ1 RAL sinθ
Wμ1sinθ /(1+ μ1μ2) = W cosθ [1/(1+ μ1μ2)-(1/2)]
Which gives tanθ = (1- μ1μ2)/(2μ1)
BELT FRICTION