Akash Anand P S Sandhu

Ambuj Kumar Nishat Ahmed

Dilshad Ahmed Imran Rizwi
Sanyanur Rehman Ramanand Kumar
 INTRODUCTION
Fluid dynamics is a subdiscipline of fluid
mechanics that deals with fluid flow—the
science of fluids (liquids and gases) in
motion. It has several subdisciplines itself,
including aerodynamics (the study of air and
other gases in motion) and hydrodynamics
(the study of liquids in motion).
The Science which deal with the
geometry of motion of fluid without reference
to the forces causing the motion is known as
fluid kinematics.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE
Osborne Reynolds demonstrated the transition to turbulent flow in a
classic experiment in which he examined an outlet from a large water tank through a
small tube. At the end of the tank there was a stopcock used to vary the water speed
inside the tube. The junction of the tube with the tank was nicely rounded. A filament
of colored fluid was introduced at the mouth. When the water was slow, the filament
remained distinct through the entire length of the tube.
 When the speed was increased, the filament broke up at a given
point and diffused throughout the cross-section. Reynolds identified the
governing parameter, the dimensionless Reynolds number. The point at
which the color diffuses throughout the tube is the transition point from
laminar to turbulent.

In fluid mechanics ,the reynolds

number(Re) is a dimensionless quantity that is
used to help predict similar flow patterns in
different fluid flow situations.
It is a ratio of inertial forces to viscous
forces and consequently quantifies the relative
importance of two types of flow such as laminar
and turbulent.
 EQUIPMENTS

1. Graduated cylinder
2. Water tank
3. Glass tube
4. Dye container
5. Valve
6. Stop watch
 PROCEDURE
1. Measure and note down dia of pipe, size of measuring tank and also room
temperature.

2. Open the main supply valve and fill the tank of apparatus with water, with outlet of
glass tube is partly open so that no air is entrapped in the glass tube .

3. Close the outlet valve of the glass tube and the inlet valve of the tank when the tank
is full.

4. Leave the apparatus for sometime so that water in the tank is at rest and no
disturbance.

5. Partly open the outlet valve of the glass tube and the inlet of the tank so that the
velocity of the flow is very small and the water level in the tank is fairly constant.
6. Open the inlet of the dye injector so that the dye stream moves at a straight line
throughout the tube showing that the flow is laminar.

7. Increase the velocity of the flow and again measure the discharge.

8. Take six to seven readings till the dye stream in the glass tube breaks up and gets
diffused in water. Also encircle the velocity reading for which the dye flame at waves
for the first time near the outlet end of glass tube.

9. Repeat the experiment with decreasing rate of flow and encircle the reading for
which dye filament waves for the last time near the end of the glass tube; as the flow
changes from turbulent to laminar.
 OBSERVATION
In our experiment, the ink injected in the pipe
initially flows through one such layer of water within it.
In the first step, since we had opened the tap
only partially, the rate of flow of water through the pipe
was low, and as such, the layer of water containing the ink
wasn't disturbed by the surrounding layers. Therefore, it
was able to flow in laminar.

In the second step of our experiment, we

increased the rate of flow by opening the tap fully. This
resulted in collisions between the different layers of water.
Since other layers disturbed the layer containing the
stream of ink, it got dispersed randomly as turbulant flow.
 APPLICATIONS
1) Reynolds number plays an important part in the calculation of the friction factor in a
few of the equations of fluid mechanics, including the Darcy-Weisbach equation.

2) It is used when modeling the movement of organisms swimming through water.

3) Atmospheric air is considered to be a fluid. Hence, the Reynolds number can be

calculated for it. This makes it possible to apply it in wind tunnel testing to study the
aerodynamic properties of various surfaces.

4) It plays an important part in the testing of wind lift on aircraft, especially in cases of
supersonic flights where the high speed causes a localized increase in the density of air
surrounding the aircraft.
 CONCLUSION
The laminar flow occurs when the fluid is flowing slowly and the turbulent flow
occurs when it is flowing fast. In transitional flow, the flow switches between laminar and
turbulent in a disorderly fashion.
As the water flow rate increase, the Reynolds number calculated also increase
and the dye line change from thin thread to swirling in shape Laminar flow occurs when
the Reynolds number calculated is below than 2300; transitional flow occurs when
Reynolds number calculated is between 2300 and 4000 while turbulent flow occurs when
Reynolds number calculated is above 4000.It is proved that the Reynolds equation is
dimensionless, no units left after the calculation.
Under most practical conditions, the flow in a circular pipe is laminar for
Re ≤ 2300, turbulent for Re ≥ 4000 and transitional in between. That is,
Re ≤ 2300 laminar flow
2300 ≤ Re ≤ 4000 transitional flow
Re ≥ 4000 turbulent flow