OLEDS

MADE BY EMAD, HUMAYUN, ABDUS

SAMI AND WAJIH IX-E
 Practical OLEDs
Ching W Tang and Steven Van Slyke, built
the first practical OLED device in 1987. In
1999, Kodak and Sanyo had entered into a
partnership to jointly research, develop
and produce OLED displays. They
announced the world's first 2.4-inch
active-matrix OLED display in September
the same year. Manufacturing of small
molecule OLEDs was started in 1997 by
Pioneer Corporation, followed by TDK in
2001 and Samsung-NEC Mobile Display,
which later became one of the world's
largest OLED display manufacturers -
Samsung Display, in
2002.In 2003, Hynix produced an organic
EL driver capable of lighting in
4,096 colors. The poly(p-phenylene
vinylene), released in 2007, was the
first OLED television.
 OLED, The Basics
These panels are built from millions of organic light emitting diodes.
These are arranged in various color configurations in order to
produce variety of colors.
There are two ways of passing the current to these pixels, a passive
wiring matrix or an active wiring matrix. Passive matrix displays
provide current to an entire row of LEDs one at a time, which isn’t
ideal but is cheap. Active matrix introduces a capacitor and thin-film
transistor network allowing each pixel to be driven individually.
All high resolution, smartphone sized displays need to use active
matrix technology, as passive matrix requires higher voltages the
more pixels are introduced.
The Move To Plastic Substrates
While the first wave of OLED panels were built using glass substrates
for more interesting form factors glass has been replaced with more
flexible plastic components which can be more
easily formed into new shape. Also working with plastics is much
more cost effective. However, when switching from a glass
substrate the type of TFT technologies used also have to be
accommodated, in order to bring down their manufacturing
temperatures. Plastics that can withstand higher temperatures can be
used also hence flexible OLED manufacturers use polyimide plastics.
 Structure:
Bottom/top emission
Bottom or top distinction
refers not to orientation of
the OLED display, but to the
direction that emitted light
exits the device.
OLED devices are classified as
bottom emission devices if
light emitted passes through
the transparent or semi-
transparent bottom electrode
and substrate on which the
panel was manufactured.
Top emission devices are
classified based on whether
or not the light emitted from
the OLED device exits
through the lid that is added
following fabrication of the
device.
 Structure:
Types of OLED
 Transparent OLEDs
 Transparent OLEDs use transparent or semi-
transparent contacts on both sides of the device to
create displays that can be made to be both top
and bottom emitting (transparent). TOLEDs can
greatly improve contrast, making it much easier to
view displays in bright sunlight. This technology
can be used in Head-up displays, smart windows
or augmented reality applications.
 Stacked OLEDs
 Stacked OLEDs use a pixel architecture that stacks
the red, green, and blue sub-pixels on top of one
another instead of next to one another, leading to
substantial increase in gamut and color
depth, and greatly reducing pixel gap.
Currently, other display technologies have the
RGB (and RGBW) pixels mapped next to each
other decreasing potential resolution.
 Inverted OLEDs
 In contrast to a conventional OLED, in which the
anode is placed on the substrate, an Inverted
OLED uses a bottom cathode that can be
connected to the drain end of an n-channel TFT
especially for the low cost amorphous silicon TFT
backplane useful in the manufacturing
of AMOLED displays.
 Structure:
graded heterojunction
 Graded
heterojunctio
n OLEDs
gradually
decrease the
ratio of
electron
holes to
electron
transporting
chemicals.
 This results in
almost
double the
quantum
efficiency of
existing
OLEDs.
Working Principles
Typical OLEDs are composed of a layer of
organic material between electrodes
(conductors through which electricity enters
or leaves an objects), the anode and cathode,
all deposited on a base material, substrate.
As organic materials are both insulators and
conductors, they are semi-conductors.
The highest occupied and lowest unoccupied
molecular orbitals (HOMO and LUMO) of
organic semiconductors are similar to the
valence and conduction bands of inorganic
semiconductors.
Most basic polymer OLEDs consisted of a
single layer of organic material. Multilayer
OLEDs can be fabricated with two or more
layers in order to improve device efficiency
and conductive properties. A voltage is
applied across the OLED in such a way that the
anode is positive with respect to the cathode
being negative, Anodes are picked based upon
the quality of their optical transparency,
electrical conductivity, and chemical stability.
A current of electrons flows
through the device from
cathode to anode, as
electrons flow into the
LUMO of the organic layer at
the cathode and withdrawn
from the HOMO at the
anode.

The later process may also be

described as the
introduction of electron
holes (lack of an electron at a
position where an electron
could exist in an atom) into
the HOMO.
Electrostatic forces bring the
electrons and the holes
towards each other and they
recombine forming an
excitation, a bound state of
the electron and hole.
As electrons and holes are
fermions with spin, an
excitation may either be in a
singlet state or a triplet
state depending on how the spins
of the electron and hole have been
combined.
Indium tin oxide is commonly
used as the anode material as it is
transparent to visible light and has
a high work function which
promotes injection of holes into
the HOMO level of the organic
layer.
Metals such as barium and calcium
are often used for the cathode as
they have low work functions
which promote injection of
electrons into the LUMO of the
organic layer.
 Advantages
 No need for a backlight
 Displays are very thin and light-
weight
 Low power consumption
 Viewing angles wider than LCDs
 light emitters can
be switched completely off,
which gives the technology
an excellent contrast ratio.

 High speed and have

low response time
 Deep black color
 One of the benefits of OLED
over the competing LCD design
is that these
Disadvantages
 Costly technology
 Short lifecycle
 OLEDs are more likely to burn-in
 Water Damage
 Motion Blur