“GENETIC

ENGINEERING”
GENETICALLY-MODIFIED
ORGANISM
06/11/2019
• GENETIC ENGINEERING is used to
manufacture proteins, repair
damaged genes, and identify
individuals who may carry an
allele for diseases

• is the modification of an
organism's genetic composition
by artificial means, often
involving the transfer of specific
traits, or genes, from one
organism into a plant or animal
of an entirely different species.
•TRANSGENIC
• any organism that has a modified or inserted gene
(transgene) from another process
• Humans genes have been added to bacteria to
produce human proteins such as insulin, human
growth hormone, and clotting material
•TRANSGENIC
• Transgenic plants have also been also been
modified so they can produce their own insecticides
or become resistant to weed killer or drought
• Some have been engineered to produce vitamins
needed for human health
• SELECTIVE BREEDING
• Transgenic organisms or genetically-
modified organism (GMO) have been used
to improve crop yields
• One of these techniques involves choosing
and breeding an organism with the desired
trait
• HOW GENETIC ENGINEERING
HELPFUL?
• Since the structure of DNA is the same for all
organism, the similarity allows genes from
one organism to work on another
• When genes of organisms are put into one
another using genetic engineering, the
resulting DNA is called recombinant DNA
• Recombinant genes can be used to treat
diseases like diabetes
• ADVANTAGES OF GMO
• Genetic engineering techniques can be used
to produce bigger, more productive livestock
• PEST-RESISTANT CROPS
• Crops resistant to destructive pests such
as locusts and other pests, have been
produced using genetic engineering
techniques
• These plants that are resistant no longer
need insecticides
• Insecticides are expensive and can be
harmful to other organisms in the
environment
• ADVANTAGES OF GMO
• Genetic engineering techniques can be used
to produce bigger, more productive livestock
• DISEASE-RESISTANT CROPS
• the same techniques have been applied
to some plants to make them resistant to
diseases
• These plant diseases are caused by many
viruses, fungi, and bacteria that attack
crops
• Producing plants that are genetically-
resistant would save a lot of money for
farmers
• ADVANTAGES OF GMO
• Genetic engineering techniques can be
used to produce bigger, more productive
livestock
• PRODUCTIVE LIVESTOCK
• Genetic engineering techniques can
also be used to produce bigger and
more productive livestock
• For example, dairy cows can be
injected with growth hormones to
increase their milk production
• Growth hormone is a natural signal for
cows to produce milk
• ADVANTAGES OF GMO
• Genetic engineering techniques can be
used to produce bigger, more productive
livestock
• MASS-PRODUCED DRUGS
• Genes that produce medically-
important proteins can be inserted into
bacteria
• Some proteins produced by
genetically-engineered bacteria
dissolve blood clots, helping prevent
heart attacks
• CONCERNS REGARDING GMO
• Genetically modified organism have the
potential to solve many of the world’s
hunger and malnutrition problems as well as
help protect and preserve the environment
by reducing the use of harmful chemicals
• But many concerns have been raised
especially in the areas of safety testing and
food labeling
• We must be cautious to avoid causing harm
to our health and environment
• CONCERNS REGARDING GMO

• ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
• Many farmers are concerned that some crops,
which are pesticide resistant may transfer their
genes through cross-breeding to weeds, making
weeds pest-resistant

• HEALTH RISKS
• Some people may have allergic reactions to drugs
or food that are products of GMOs

• ECONOMY
• Marketing GMO products are costly and most
companies involved are concerned that the returns
of their investment may take time
 METABOLIC
PROCESSES AMONG
LIVING THINGS
• METABOLISM
• Refers to the entirety of all
chemical activities that an
organism performs
• In metabolism, energy is usually
consumed when complex
molecules are built, and released
when complex molecules are
being broken down
• METABOLIC PATHWAYS
• Reactions that occur in the cell
• It begins with a specific molecule, which is
altered in a series of steps resulting to the
production of a certain product

• CATABOLIC PATHWAY
• Energy is released by breaking down complex
molecules into simpler compounds
• ANABOLIC PATHWAY
• Complex molecules are built using energy
• The complex molecules are being used by the
body for all its activities
NUTRITION
• NUTRITION
• refers to the activities by which living
things obtain raw materials from the
environment and transport them into
their cells
• All the elements and compounds
taken by living things are nutrients
• NUTRIENTS are the chemical
substances that organisms need in
order to grow and function properly
 GAS
EXCHANGE
• GAS EXCHANGE
• Respiration is the exchange of oxygen
and carbon dioxide between an
organism and its environment
• TWO MAJOR PROCESSES OF
RESPIRATON
• External and internal respiration
• EXTERNAL is the exchange of gases
between lungs and the red blood cells
• INTERNAL is the exchange of gases
between the red blood cells and cells
CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
• CIRCULATION
• it enables the organism to remove
unwanted particles within its body
• TYPES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• OPEN SYSTEM – organism pumps blood or
lymph from the heart through the blood
vessels to various organs, and returns the
blood or lymph partly or entirely through the
body spaces to the heart
• CLOSE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• Blood is transported from the heart to
through various vessels and capillaries and
back to the heart
• HOMEOSTASIS
• The process by which the body maintains a
stable internal environment
• It maintains the internal condition so the cell
can work at optimum level
• It depends on negative feedback
• Negative Feedback mechanism keeps
internal variables to become steady and
permits only small fluctuation around set
points
HOMEOSTASIS SKIN regulates body temperature through
evaporation of water

HYPOTHALAMUS regulates body temperature, blood

pressure, heart rate, hunger, and thirst

PANCREAS regulates blood sugar by releasing

hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood

KIDNEYS maintains water balance by filtering the

blood

BLOOD maintains constant body temperature by

distributing heat throughout the body
• EXCRETION
• During normal metabolism, cells
produce wastes such a carbon dioxide
and urea
• UREA
• A less toxic compound which is a
product of the combination of
ammonia and carbon dioxide in the
liver
FILTRATION REABSORPTION SECRETION EXCRETION
IMMUNE
SYSTEM
• IMMUNE SYSTEM
• Your immune system is your body’s main
defense against pathogens
• PATHOGENS – infectious agents that cause
disease
• Your skin is your first line of defense; it forms a
barrier that few pathogens can get through
• Your mucus and saliva, and tears trap
pathogens and contain enzymes that kill the
bacteria
06/11/2019
• IMMUNE SYSTEM
• INNATE IMMUNITY – a non-specific defense
that activates when pathogens managed
to enter the body
• ACQUIRED IMMUNITY – a second defense
system in vertebrates
• Also known as adaptive immunity
• It is activated after innate immune system
take effect and develop more slowly
• It is enhanced by previous exposure to the
infecting pathogens
• IMMUNE
SYSTEM
• LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
• Consists of capillaries
and vessels, lymph
nodes, and other
organs such as
thymus, spleen, and
tonsils
• They transport the
fluid called lymph
• HORMONES: CHEMICAL SIGNALS
• HORMONE
• A chemical secreted into the extracellular
fluid, circulates in the blood, and
communicates messages throughout the
body
• TWO BASIC SYSTEMS FOR COMMUNICATION
AND REGULATION
• ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• NERVOUS SYSTEM
• HORMONES: CHEMICAL SIGNALS
• Endocrine system
• Chemical signalling is its function
• Hormones secreted by endocrine cells
regulate reproduction, development,
metabolism, growth, and behaviour.
• Nervous system
• A network of specialized cells called neurons
that transmit signals along pathways
• These signals, in turn, regulate other cells,
including neurons, muscle cells, and
endocrine cells
ENDOCRINE GLANDS HORMONES FUNCTIONS
Human growth Controls the endocrine glands;
PITUITARY GLAND
hormone influences growth and metabolism
Stimulates tissue metabolism and
THYROID GLAND Thyroxin
the basic metabolic rate
Regulates calcium level in the
PARATHYROID Parathormone
blood
Helps the body respond to stress
ADRENAL GLANDS Adrenaline
and danger
PANCREAS Insulin Regulates blood glucose levels
Regulates immune system that
THYMUS GLAND Thymosine
helps the body fight diseases
Estrogen and
Responsible for female and male
OVARIES AND TESTES progesterone;
sexual characteristics
testosterone
• NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Metabolism is governed by both the
hormones and the nervous system
• NEURONS
• Nerve cells that transfer information within
the body
• GANGLIA
• Group of neurons organized into a brain or
simple clusters that is responsible for high-
order processing
• The BRAIN and the SPINAL CORD is the
nervous system’s control center
 EXCRETORY
SYSTEM” urine
formation and
other excretions
is regulated by
the brain
Respiratory CIRCULATORY
system: rate of SYSTEM: heart
exchange of rate and blood
gases is pressure is
monitored by regulated by
the brain the brain

NERVOUS
Digestive
system:
SYSTEM Muscular
system:
digestion of movement of
food and the muscles is
absorption of controlled by
nutrients the brain

Skeletal system:
Circulatory
the brain is
System: heart
protected by
rate and blood
the skull and
pressure are
the spinal cord
regulated by
is protected by
the brain
the vertebrae
 A. MATCHING TYPE
1. Carbon dioxide a. the body’s defense
2. Catabolism b. controls various organs
3. Cardiovascular system c. by product of respiration
4. Digestion d. removes metabolic wastes
5. Endocrine glands e. controlled by the pancreas
6. Excretion f. state of stable internal environment
7. Glucose g. breaks down large molecules for energy
8. Homeostasis h. release hormones for metabolic processes
9. Immune system i. circulates oxygen and nutrients in the body
10.Nervous system j. changes food substances into soluble
substances
 EXPLAIN HOW THE FOLLOWING
PROCESSES BRING ABOUT METABOLISM
IN THE BODY

1. CIRCULATION
2. HOMEOSTASIS
3. NUTRITION
4. RESPIRATION
5. EXCRETION
ORGAN SYSTEM OF
SOME ORGANISM
• All animals share common
characteristics although they
differ in shapes and structures
• The overall structure of an
animal is its body plan
• The body plan of an animal
determines the lifestyle it leads
and the way it functions in the
environment
•SPONGES
• In vertebrates like sponges, digestion
occurs within individual cells
• Its body is perforated with pores
through which water enter its cavity
• Between the outer and inner layers are
hard needles called spicules and fibers
of a tough protein called spongin
•HYDRA
• Some organisms like hydra have an
incomplete digestive system
• There is a single opening known as the
gastrovascular cavity which serves as
anus and mouth
• its outer cell layer contains stinging cells
called nematocysts
•EARTHWORMS
• Are one of the most common
organisms on Earth
• They are the first segmented worms to
evolve
• Their body is partitioned into segments
• In each segment, parts of the
excretory, circulatory, and nervous
systems are repeated
• Each segment is controlled by an
individual nerve center
•MOLLUSKS
• Mollusks have organ systems for circulation,
respiration, digestion, excretion, nerve impulse
conduction, and reproduction
• There are three body parts shared by all mollusks:
the muscular foot, the head, and the visceral mass
• The muscular foot is used for locomotion
• The head contains the mouth, sense organs and
cerebral ganglia
• The visceral mass contains the heart and the
organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction
•INSECTS
• Insects or arthropods have a coelom,
segmented bodies, and jointed
appendages
• The body is divided into three distinct
regions: head, thorax, and abdomen and
thorax called
• Arthropods have an external skeleton, or
exoskeleton made up of chitin
• They breathe through tiny openings on
their abdomen spiracles
•ECHINODERMS
• Echinoderms bear an important evolutionary
relationship to vertebrates
• Evidences indicate that the echinoderms share a
common ancestor with chordates
• Most echinoderms have an internal skeleton called
endoskeleton, composed of calcium plates
• They have a water-vascular system which is a
network of water-filled canals
• They have numerous tube feet that aid in
movement, feeding, respiration, and excretion
•FISH
• Echinoderms
•AMPHIBIANS
• Amphibians include frogs, toads, and
salamanders
•BIRDS
• All birds have feathers, and almost
all birds are capable of flying
• Birds need a lightweight body to
stay aloft
• Their flight muscles need a constant
supply of oxygen-rich and nutrient-
rich blood
• The organ systems of birds are
adapted to meet these needs
•BIRDS
• They have air sacs that store inhaled
air which is pushed into the lungs
• This keeps the lungs constantly filled
with oxygenated air
• They have relatively large, four-
chambered heart
• The heart beats rapidly to keep
oxygenated blood flowing to
muscles and other tissues
•BIRDS
• Birds have a sac-like structure called
crop to store and moisten food that
is waiting to be digested
• They also have an organ called
gizzard that contains swallowed
stones
• the stones make up for the lack of
teeth by grinding food, which can
then be digested quickly