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Kuliah Kimia Lingkungan - Ocean Acidification
Kuliah Kimia Lingkungan - Ocean Acidification
Ocean Acidification
A Case of Chemistry
in The Disturbed
Environment
Ocean acidification
• What is it?
• Why does it matter?
• What can be done?
What is ocean acidification (OA)?
“A reduction in ocean pH due to the uptake of anthropogenic CO2.”
(Hofmann et al. 2010)
What is ocean acidification (OA)?
“A reduction in ocean pH due to the uptake of anthropogenic CO2.”
(Hofmann et al. 2010)
Four key concepts:
1. The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere is increasing.
2. The chemistry of the ocean is dependent on the chemistry of the
atmosphere.
3. Water becomes acidic (lower pH) the more CO2 it contains.
4. Increased ocean acidity impacts marine organisms’ abilities to make and
keep their hard parts.
Key concepts:
1. The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere is increasing
Currently 30%
higher than since
last 650,000 years
Pteropods Shell
Cuttlefish
Ocean acidification
• What is it?
• Why does it matter?
• Impacts on individual organisms
• Impacts on ecological communities
• What can be done?
Ocean acidification: Impacts on individual marine organisms
Thinner, smaller and weaker shells in shellfish
• Especially larval stages, which already have thin shells
Mussels
Mussel
larva
Normal Really
acidic
Acidic
Gaylord et al. 2011
Ocean acidification: Impacts on individual marine organisms
Thinner, smaller and weaker shells in shellfish
• Especially larval stages, which already have thin shells
• Fitness effect: Lower survival due to
• increased crushing and drilling by predators,
• increased risk of desiccation during low tide
Mussels
Mussel
larva
Normal Really
acidic
Acidic
Gaylord et al. 2011
Ocean acidification: Impacts on individual marine organisms
Reduced fertilization of gametes in corals and other marine organisms
• Deformed flagellum in sperm that impacts their swimming
Normal
Normal Acidic
Normal Acidic
Lots Little
Growth
Chen & Durbin 1994
Growth
Chen & Durbin 1994
pH
Far Close
Hall-Spencer et al 2008
Ocean acidification: Impacts on ecological communities
A natural experiment in the Mediterranean Sea:
• Volcanic CO2 vents (acidic water!)
• Shift to ecological community dominated by marine organisms
that do not have CaCO3 hard parts
pH
Calcareous algae
% Cover
Hall-Spencer et al 2008
Non-calcareous algae
Far Close
Ocean acidification: Impacts on ecological communities
Tropical Oceans Predictions:
• Corals will become increasingly rare
• Algae will become more abundant
• Because coral reefs support so many animals,
biodiversity will decline
Normal
Acidic
Normal
Acidic
Sea urchin
What can be done? Ecological options to OA
Tolerate the change through acclimatization
• Acclimatize = change phenotype (traits) in response to OA
• Case study: Urchin fertilization
• Eggs have acid-protecting jelly coating.
• Make more!
Cool water
Warm water
Hot water
Sea urchin
Byrne 2011
Normal Acidic
What can be done? Ecological options to OA
Tolerate the change through acclimatization
• Acclimatize = change phenotype (traits) in response to OA
• Case study: Urchin fertilization
• Eggs have acid-protecting jelly coating.
• Make more! Are there indirect costs?
Cool water
Warm water
Hot water
Sea urchin
Byrne 2011
Normal Acidic
What can be done? Ecological options to OA
Adapt (i.e., change genetically over many generations)
What can be done? Ecological options to OA
Adapt (i.e., change genetically over many generations)
• Species would need a fast generation time relative
to rate of pH change
What can be done? Ecological options to OA
Adapt (i.e., change genetically over many generations)
• Species would need a fast generation time relative
to rate of pH change
• The current rate of ocean acidification is
~100 times faster than has ever happened
for 10s of millions of years. Doh!
What can be done? Ecological options to OA
Adapt (i.e., change genetically over many generations)
• Species would need a fast generation time relative
to rate of pH change
• The current rate of ocean acidification is
~100 times faster than has ever happened
for 10s of millions of years. Doh!
Place your bet
Pteropods: mature in months
Fish: mature in years
What can be done? Ecological options to OA
Adapt (i.e., change genetically over many generations)
• Hypothesis: California species genetically adapted for OA!
What can be done? Ecological options to OA
Adapt (i.e., change genetically over many generations)
• Hypothesis: California species genetically adapted for OA!
• Why? Due to upwelling, species are used low and
variable pH conditions
Hauri et al.
2009
What can be done? Ecological options to OA
Adapt (i.e., change genetically over many generations)
• Hypothesis: California species genetically adapted for OA!
• Why? Due to upwelling, species are used low and
variable pH conditions
pH
Hauri et al.
2009
What can be done? Ecological options to OA
Adapt (i.e., change genetically over many generations)
• Hypothesis: California species genetically adapted for OA!
• Why? Due to upwelling, species are used low and
variable pH conditions
• But, will conditions exceed natural tolerance?
pH
Hauri et al.
2009
What can be done? Ecological options to OA
3. Move (i.e., shift distribution to non-OA waters)
• In Theory, this is possible because
• Larger animals can swim away
• Larvae can drift away
What can be done? Ecological options to OA
3. Move (i.e., shift distribution to non-OA waters)
• In Theory, this is possible because
• Larger animals can swim away
• Larvae can drift away
• BUT, need to stay within physiological limits
What can be done? Ecological options to OA
4. Local extirpation, or total extinction
• A distinct possibility if ocean acidification continues
What can be done? Ecological options to OA
4. Local extirpation, or total extinction
• A distinct possibility if ocean acidification continues
First
modern
corals
First
modern
corals
Each bucket
represents a different
CO2 treatment
Dr. Pauline Yu
(UCSB)
ANTARCTIC RESEARCH ON OCEAN ACIDIFICAITON
(Hofmann Lab research, UCSB)
Ocean acidification: So much more to learn
• Calcifying organisms
producing aragonite form of
CaCO3 are more
vulnerable to changes in
ocean acidity
Ocean acidification vs. chemistry of
nutrients and toxins
• Metals exist in two forms in seawater: complex
and free dissolved
• pH
- generally increases the proportion of free
dissolved forms (most toxic forms)
- release of bound metals from the sediment to
the water column
- effects on nutrient speciation (phosphate,
ammonia, iron, silicate)
Ocean acidification: past and future
• Ocean acidification is
essential an irreversible
process during our
lifetimes
• Fastest natural change in
atmospheric CO2 at the
end of the recent ice age:
Δ[CO2]= +80 ppm in 6000
years
Current change occur
100 folder stronger
Changes in ocean pH are outside the range of natural
variability They could have a substantial affect on biological
processes in the surface oceans
Source of Presentation
• A sample lecture on ocean acidification at
the undergraduate level, provided by Dr.
Crow White.
http://oceanacidification.msi.ucsb.edu/reso
urces/educators/CrowWhite_OA_Lecture.
ppt/view
• And other websources related to Ocean
Acidification